Research on automatic processes in fear has emphasized the provocation of responses rather than their attenuation. We have previously shown that repeated presentation feared images without conscious awareness via backward masking reduces avoidance a live tarantula spider-phobic participants. Herein we investigated neural basis for these adaptive effects masked exposure. 21 and control participants, identified by psychiatric interview, questionnaire, approaching tarantula, viewed stimuli each...

This study compared the effects of exposure to masked and unmasked phobic stimuli on behavior. Participants were identified as spider-phobic with a questionnaire Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT) live tarantula (N = 101). One week later, they administered one three types exposure: very brief (25 ms) or clearly visible (120 images spiders, flowers. They reported ratings subjective distress just before after these exposures, engaged in BAT again thereafter. Two weeks 57 participants returned for...

Two experiments tested the effect of exposure to masked phobic stimuli at a very brief stimulus onset asynchrony on reducing subjective experience fear caused by in vivo feared object. In main experiment, 35 spider-fearful and non-fearful participants were identified with questionnaire behavioural avoidance test (BAT) live tarantula. One week later, they individually administered one two continuous series images: spiders or flowers. They engaged BAT again immediately thereafter. provided...

This article presents a systematic case study of maladaptive interpersonal schemas. These schemas are conceived as affective scripts, or sequences behaviors that regulate emotion in relationships. Part I test the method for identifying scripts. Independent raters applied FRAMES (Fundamental Repetitive and Maladaptive Emotion Structures; Hoelzer & Dahl, 1996) to representative sample transcripts long-term psychotherapy. Empirical checks each assessment procedure verified identification five...

This study tested the hypothesis that an immediate effect of exposure to masked phobic stimuli on avoidance corresponding feared object would be maintained 1 year later. Fifty-three spider-phobic participants were identified with a questionnaire and Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT) live tarantula. One week later, they administered 3 types exposure: very brief (25-ms, masked) or clearly visible (125-ms, unmasked) images spiders, flowers. They engaged in BAT again immediately thereafter....

Abstract A series of experiments has shown that limiting awareness exposure to feared stimuli through visual masking—or very brief (VBE)—reduces avoidance a live tarantula by spider‐phobic participants. We investigated this process fear reduction directly relating the effects VBE on electrodermal activity its ensuing phobic behavior. Sixty participants, identified approaching and questionnaire, were administered either masked spiders or control flowers. Skin conductance levels (SCLs)...

Abstract Consumer activists who propose regulations either banning certain product placements or requiring their affirmative disclosure in motion picture closing credits generally assert that such would not violate the First Amendment because are commercial speech, which receive far less constitutional protection than core political speech. This essay reviews evolution of Supreme Court's speech doctrine and concludes likely be considered at all; moreover, argues, even if they were found to...

This article reintroduces an alternative method of thematic structure and content analysis called FRAMES (Fundamental, Repetitive, Maladaptive Emotion Structures). Although this measure has been generally received as clinically sensitive compelling, it not widely used by psychotherapy researchers, presumably because methodological concerns logistical complexity. First, we present a brief overview for the unfamiliar reader, including refinements that have made. new finding is demonstrated...

The legal struggles waged by lesbian and gay male litigants almost invariably involve issues of freedom expression, broadly construed. To illustrate this point, a wide array caselaw is examined--ranging from classic "access to forum" controversies those concerning symbolic conduct association (including marriage child custody law), employment discrimination, proscriptions against deviant sexual conduct. In each category, claims right expression are manifested. Cautionary notes offered cases...

Reviewed by: Language and the Law in Deaf Communities Paul Siegel (bio) edited by Ceil Lucas (Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 2003. 200 pp., casebound $55.00) Professor tells us her too-short introduction to this collection of six essays written linguists attorneys—it is Roger Shuy's lead chapter volume that takes on task more fully introducing readers remainder contributions—that will focus "where language law intersect deaf communities." That an apt description, even though...

Zajonc (2001) called the mere exposure effect (MEE) a “gateway into subliminal”—specifically, affective unconscious discrimination of stimuli. proposed that MEE occurs because repeated presentation stimulus automatically elicits approach toward it, and thus, positive affect. We present first test Zajonc’s hypothesis what we term an effect. did so by using implicit measure identifies preferred stimuli assessing automatic reactions. A total 42 highly socially anxious 39 nonanxious control...