Abstract Exosomes are lipid-bound nanovesicles formed by inward budding of the endosomal membrane and released following fusion limiting with plasma membrane. We show here that primary leukocytes do not release exosomes unless subjected to potent activation signals, such as cytokine or mitogen stimulation. In particular, high levels were when murine splenic B cells stimulated via CD40 IL-4 receptor. This property was shared from different anatomic locations, newly formed, marginal zone...

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are lipid particles released from eukaryotic cells into the extracellular fluid. Depending on cell type or mechanism of release, vary in form and function exert distinct functions coagulation immunity. Tumor may constitutively shed known as exosomes microvesicles (MV). Alternatively, apoptosis induces release apoptotic blebs (ApoV) plasma membrane. EV have been implicated thrombotic events (the second highest cause death cancer patients) tumor contribute to...

To date, lack of functional hydrogel inks has limited 3D printing applications in tissue engineering. This study developed a series photocurable based on chitooligosaccharide (COS)-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) for extrusion-based bone scaffolds. The scaffolds were prepared by aza-Michael addition COS and PEGDA followed photopolymerisation unreacted PEGDA. showed sufficient shear thinning properties required extrusion printing. printed exhibited excellent shape fidelity fine...

Abstract Exosomes are lipid nanovesicles released after fusion of the endosomal limiting membrane with plasma membrane. In this study, we investigated requirement for CD4 T cells, B and NK cells to provide help CD8 cell–mediated response cell–derived exosomes. CTL responses Ag-loaded exosomes were dependent on host MHC class I, a critical role splenic langerin+ CD8α+ dendritic (DCs) in exosomal Ag cross-presentation. addition, there was an absolute dependence presence where loss any one...

Increasing evidence suggests that NK cells act to promote effective T cell-based antitumor responses. Using the B16-OVA melanoma model and an optimized Gram-positive bacteria-dendritic cell (DC) vaccination strategy, we determined in vivo depletion of at time tumor challenge abolished benefit DC immunotherapy. The contribution immunotherapy was dependent on Ag presentation by DC, suggesting as helper prime or reactivate tumor-specific cells. absence resulted greater attenuation immunity than...

Apoptosis leads to the fragmentation and packaging of cellular contents into discrete vesicles, a process known as 'blebbing'. Extracellular vesicles express membrane-bound sialic acids, which enable their capture by CD169 (sialoadhesin; Siglec-1) expressing macrophages in lymph node spleen. Furthermore, mediates vesicle trafficking suppresses immune response exosomes-a type extracellular released from living cells. In this study, we found that CD169(+) were predominant splenic macrophage...

In the event of excessive damage to bone tissue, self-healing process alone is not sufficient restore integrity. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as an advanced additive manufacturing technology, can create implantable scaffolds with accurate geometry and internal architecture, facilitating regeneration. This study aims develop optimise hydroxyapatite-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (HA-PEGDA) hydrogel inks for extrusion 3D printing tissue scaffolds. Different concentrations HA were mixed...

Yellow-eyed penguins, Megadyptes antipodes , are endangered species with a sharp decline in the numbers of breeding pairs over last 2 decades. Diphtheritic stomatitis, characterized by thick fibrinopurulent exudate oral cavities and symptoms, including inanition significant weight loss, is responsible for mortality among young chicks.

The efficacy of antibody-targeted therapy solid cancers is limited by the lack consistent tumour-associated antigen expression. However, antigens shared with non-malignant cells may still be targeted using conditionally activated-antibodies, or chimeric receptor (CAR) T CAR NK activated either tumour microenvironment following 'unlocking' via multiple antigen-recognition. In this study, we have focused on tissue factor (TF; CD142), a type I membrane protein present range tumours as basis for...

Novel Corynebacterium strains, 3BT and 7BT, were isolated from the oral cavities of young chicks yellow-eyed penguins (hoiho), Megadyptes antipodes. A polyphasic taxonomic characterization these strains revealed chemotaxonomic, biochemical morphological features that are consistent with those genus Corynebacterium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between their closest phylogenetic neighbour, ciconiae CCUG 47525T 99.07 %, in line phylogenomic positions within evolutionary...

Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) offer a cost effective and convenient tool for the expansion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-bearing T NK cells. aAPCs are particularly useful because their ability to efficiently expand low-frequency antigen-reactive lymphocytes in bulk cultures. Commonly derived from leukemic cell line K562, these lack most major histocompatibility complex expression therefore without triggering allogeneic T-cell proliferation. To combat difficulties accessing...

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a critical cytokine for the initiation of immune responses against variety infectious agents and malignancies. We found that range Gram-positive Gram-negative bacteria stimulated rapid release (<24 h) IFN-γ from murine leukocytes. Using fluorescence activated cell sorting cd1d−/− rag1−/− mice, we determined dendritic cells (DCs) natural killer (NK) were primarily responsible by Streptococcus salivarius, commensal, previously noted to possess potent interleukin-12...

Oral vaccination with BCG provides protective systemic immunity against pathogenic mycobacterial challenge. In this study, the anatomical distribution of Mycobacterium bovis following oral was investigated. Replicating bacteria in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were present as solitary rods or clusters two to three bacteria, majority which isolated ex vivo extracellular forms. Only a minority shown be associated typical antigen-presenting cells. Acid-fast staining mast cell...

Tetracycline-inducible systems are widely used control elements for mammalian gene expression. Despite multiple iterations to improve inducibility, their use is still compromised by basal promoter activity in the absence of tetracyclines. In a system, we previously showed that introduction G72V mutation rtTA-M2 tetracycline activator lowers level expression and increases fold-induction genetic long chimeric antigen receptor construct. this study, confirmed was effective minimising background...