Several large "shepherd" or livestock guardian dog (LGD) breeds were historically selectively bred to protect sheep and goat flocks in the Balkans, Anatolia, Caucasus regions. Although these exhibit similar behavior, their morphology is different. Yet, fine characterization of phenotypic differences remains be analyzed. The aim this study characterize cranial specific Balkan West Asian LGD breeds. We use a 3D geometric morphometric order assess morphological regarding both shape size between...

Abstract This study aims to investigate morphological differences in the skulls of cattle breeds with different functional roles and geographical origins examine skull shape variations among using geometric morphometrics methods. To this end, 95 from Native (Eastern Anatolian Red Southern Red) Non‐native (Holstein Simmental) raised Türkiye were analyzed. The results show a significant size difference between Breeds Breeds, having larger skulls. also indicate considerable Breeds. No observed...

The study investigated whether there is a morphological difference between the shape of female and male quail's skulls. For this purpose, 18 21 quails were used. After skulls obtained, their photographs taken, geometric analysis was performed. Dorsal (14 landmarks), caudal (8 ventral (13 landmarks) images evaluated. As result Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 28 principal components (PCs) obtained for dorsal view, 16 PCs 26 view. PC1 (41.206%) aspect explained highest variation in terms...

Abstract In this study, we aim to investigate the skull of Bardhoka sheep, which is native breed Kosovo by utilising normal morphometric methods. Differences between male and female were also statistically analysed. Further, parameters that can be used in gender discrimination The statistical analysis was based on a sample 24 adult skulls with 12 skulls. Altogether, 31 different measurements taken morphologically 7 indices applied. Except for measurement's values orbit, length cheek tooth...

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate and record data on the morphometrical parameters skull mandible in Sharri sheep. We have evaluated 34 skulls (24 females 10 males) sheep ( Ovis aries ), a local breed from Northern Macedonia. Fifty-one measurements were total: 37 14 mandible. results show that, general, morphology morphometric mandible, are similar those other breeds with few differences. mean length (SL), height (SH), distance between two supraorbital foramina (DBTSF),...

This study aimed to reveal the morphological characteristics of pure Holstein and Simmental skulls obtain reference values for morphometric analysis. Moreover, 54 from 12- 14-month-old male (n = 25) 29) cattle were collected Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Region between 2023 2024. Linear measurements indicated that Holsteins had longer compared Simmentals. exhibited significantly higher greatest length nasals shortest skull length. The facial breadth was wider in statistically distinctive...

The calcaneus plays a critical role in balance, locomotion, and muscle attachment, making it key structure for biomechanical adaptations. This study examined interspecies differences between sheep goats, as well intraspecies variations among different breeds, morphology. A total of 128 right calcanei were analyzed using 3D geometric morphometric methods to allow detailed assessments shape size. Among sheep, the Hamdani displayed largest distinguishing them significantly from others. In...

Bilateral symmetry is quite common in animals, but some cases, asymmetry can be altered by hereditary or developmental processes. Symmetry may preserved, increase as the stages progress. This study applied geometric morphometric analyses at juvenile and adult to investigate directional fluctuating turtle shells. In total, 71 shells (46 adults, 25 juveniles) of Testudo hermanni boettgeri were used. These recorded using Generalized Procrustes method interpret asymmetry. A covariance matrix was...

Sheep (Ovis aries) are ruminant animals, and a key feature they share with other species in this classification is the structure of ascending colon, specifically ansa spiralis (also commonly called spiral ansa, colon or coli). In sheep, generally forms discoid spiral, consisting two to four centripetal gyri, which transition at central flexure into centrifugal but some sheep exhibit deviations from classic form. Current anatomical textbooks scientific articles lack detailed descriptions...

The carapace morphology of tortoises is a crucial characteristic used for species identification, with features such as shell shape, roughness, and color patterns varying among species. Understanding this morphological diversity valuable not only taxonomic classification but also more specialized clinical approaches. This study investigated the differences in shells Leopard (

Abstract The enduring relationship between humans and domestic sheep has evolved over millennia, showcasing diverse uses such as meat, milk, wool, leather fur, shaped by geographical, historical, cultural social factors. breeds discussed include the Ivesi from Southeastern Anatolia, known for its varied animal products; resilient Turcana breed of Romania; Kosovo's Bardoka, valued triple‐purpose characteristics; Poland's Polish Mountain Sheep, uniquely utilized milk production in cheese...

The neurocranium in birds provides valuable insights into their morphological diversity, including adaptations related to brain size, facial shaping, and environmental factors. This study analyzes the neurocranial shape characteristics size of chickens with similar genetic backgrounds. By examining variation same age sex, aims understand factors contributing diversity within this specific group. 3D geometric morphometrics was used analyze 235 neurocrania from four chicken breeds. analysis...

This study aimed to explain the sex determination of autochthonous dog Deltari Ilir with both morphometric and geometric analysis methods. For this purpose, 24 skulls (12 females 12 males) were used in study. The difference between males at 6 values was statistically significant. most significant seen measurement greatest breadth occipital condyles (p < 0.000). higher male skulls. next inner height orbit 0.002). also than for females. In general, skull length measurements dogs that Male had...

Abstract Sheep ( Ovis aries ) play an important role in the economy of Turkey and Balkan Peninsula due to their use farming. As a domesticated species, sheep's morphometric morphological diversity is likely determined by selective breeding practices rather than geographic distribution. This study aimed analyse four different sheep breed skulls reveal skull asymmetry using geometric methods. For this purpose, 2D images 52 from breeds were analysed dorsal view skull, 28 landmarks. In...

Abstract The foramen magnum is a large round or oval opening surrounded by parts of the occipital bone. It connects cranial cavity with vertebral canal. an important structure having various applications in veterinary practice and forensic medicine. variability its shape sexual dimorphism allow it to be exploited for sex age identification different species. This retrospective study used computed tomographic (CT) images caudal region 102 mixed‐breed cat heads (55 males 47 females). Eight...

This study examined whether radiographic images measurements of the calcaneus in cats are determinative sex and breed. For this purpose, 70 (37 male 33 females) different ages (from one to 18 years) breeds (41 mix-breed, Scottish Fold 11 British Shorthair cats) without orthopaedic problems were used. Right tarsal joint radiographs these orthopaedically healthy taken. Four linear two angle values obtained from images. The MANOVA result showed that most determining factor between three groups...

Eastern Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri) is a subspecies of hermanni) found in Albania. Gender determination one the crucial elements determining population dynamics all species. Female and male adult tortoises look different, but these differences can be difficult to distinguish captivity or when their sex indicators are deformed injured. Therefore, aim this study was use indirect non-invasive methods such as geometric morphometric analysis determine tortoises. For...

Abstract Scottish Fold cats ( Felis catus , Linnaeus 1758 ) are one of the most well‐known and popular cat breeds in world, characterized by their folded ears attached to head. Very frequently, fall prey different trauma accidents that can cause bone fractures especially metapodial bones. The method radiometry is used veterinary practice visualize measure parts animal skeleton. aim this study was assess linear parameters derived from radiographic images metacarpals metatarsals additionally...

The purpose of this study was to estimate the level hard tick infestation in tortoise subspecies Testudo hermanni boettgeri living within free-range hills and mountains four regions central south Albania. In addition, showed morphological differences infested non-infested tortoises several geographic locations where are known be with Hyalomma aegyptium, a natural carrier different zoonotic pathogens. Thirty-six 145 (24.8%) examined Hermann's were found ticks. After carefully captured...

In this study, it was aimed to determine the statistical differences between Arabian horses and Thoroughbred based on X-ray images of forelimb digital bones. Latero-medial bones thoracic limbs were taken 25 50 healthy horses. The difference males females within breed statistically analyzed as well. Nine measurements three indexes from phalanges used. did not differ significantly sexes, indicated by ANOVA. For horses, length middle proximal phalanx (p &lt; 0.05), 0.001), dorsal surface distal...

There is scanty information on the skull morphology of barking and sambar deer; thus present study was designed to provide morphology, radiography computed tomography (CT) bones both deer species.The conducted 12 skulls adult (n = 6) either sex 3 males n females) collected from Aizawl Zoological Park, Aizawl, Mizoram. The species were macerated as per standard maceration techniques.The divided into a neurocranium viscerocranium. comprised occipital, sphenoid, temporal, frontal, parietal,...

Abstract In countries that have animal husbandry tradition and are developing this, it is impossible not to underline the different local breeds. There anatomically significant morphological morphometric variability among these breeds, which differ from one region another. this study, geometric morphometry was performed in order examine shape variation of mandible reveal variations due breed diversity Bardhoka (Kosova), Țurcana (Romania) İvesi (Turkey) sheep. A total 40 (10 Bardhoka, 10...