ABSTRACT The rabies virus large (L) protein interacts with its cofactor phosphoprotein (P protein) to function as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). C-terminal domain (CTD) of the L plays a critical role in P binding. We previously reported that highly conserved NPYNE sequence hydrophilic region CTD (positions 1929–1933 [L1929–1933]) is important for both binding and RdRp function. To elucidate functional detail, we examined importance each residues N PY NE (underlined). A mutant Ala...

We investigated whether corticospinal excitability during motor imagery of actions (the power or the pincer grip) with objects was influenced by actually touching (tactile input) and congruency posture imagined action (proprioceptive input). Corticospinal assessed monitoring evoked potentials (MEPs) in first dorsal interosseous following transcranial magnetic stimulation over cortex. MEPs were recorded grip a larger-sized ball (7 cm) smaller-sized (3 cm)—with without passively holding...

Rabies virus (RABV) P gene mRNA encodes five in-frame start codons, resulting in expression of full-length protein (P1) and N-terminally truncated proteins (tPs), designated P2, P3, P4, P5. Despite the fact that some tPs are known as interferon (IFN) antagonists, importance pathogenesis RABV is still unclear. In this study, to examine whether contribute pathogenesis, we exploited a reverse genetics approach generate CE(NiP)ΔP2-5, mutant pathogenic CE(NiP) which was mutated by replacing all...

This research investigated the difference in aspects of gaze control between esports experts (Expert) and players with lower skills (Low Skill) while playing real-time strategy game called StarCraft. Three versions this at different difficulty levels were made StarCraft Editor, movements seven Expert nine Low Skill analyzed they played games. The covered a significantly larger area horizontal direction than players. Furthermore, magnitude number saccadic eye greater, saccade velocity was...

Despite their disabilities, top Paralympic athletes have better motor skills than able-bodied athletes. However, the neural underpinnings of these remain unclear. We investigated reorganization primary cortex (M1) in a athlete with congenital amputation both arms who holds world record for farthest accurate shot archery (Amputee Archer: AA). recorded brain activity during contraction right toe, ankle, knee, and hip joint muscles AA 12 control subjects using functional magnetic resonance...

Electrical stimulation for inducing muscle contraction can be divided into peripheral nerve (PNS) and motor point (MPS). Although the neural pathways activated by PNS have been well studied, those MPS are still unclear. Here we investigated whether activates Ia-sensory nerves induces antidromic firing of nerves. Ten able-bodied males females participated in this study. We confirmed that soleus did not induce H-reflex while did. Furthermore, tibialis anterior reciprocal inhibition For testing...

ABSTRACT While the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L protein of rabies virus (RABV), a member genus Lyssavirus family Rhabdoviridae , has potential to be therapeutic target for rabies, molecular functions this have remained largely unknown. In study, obtain novel experimental tool function analysis RABV protein, we established by using reverse genetics approach an gene-deficient (Nishi-ΔL/Nluc), which infects, propagates, and correspondingly produces NanoLuc luciferase in cultured neuroblastoma...

The extant literature supporting the relationship between watching sport and well-being often includes a specific sample population (e.g. fans), with evidence highlighted by limited research approaches (i.e. subjectively measured well-being). It is imperative to assess robustness of implementing diverse methods understand contributions sport-watching behavior well-being. current aimed provide on effects in general through three studies that uniquely operationalized Study 1 examined analyzing...

We recently reported that wearing unstable rocker shoes (Masai Barefoot Technology: MBT ) may enhance recovery from marathon race‐induced fatigue. However, this earlier study only utilized a questionnaire. In study, we evaluated utilizing objective physiological measures of marathon‐induced muscle damages. Twenty‐five university student novice runners were divided into two groups. After running full marathon, one group wore ( group), and the control CON ordinary daily for 1 week following...

Abstract Prolonged running results in lowering of the foot arch and a low is associated with subsequent chronic injuries. Foot posture alteration recovery following marathon run remain unknown. Therefore, present study aimed to evaluate full run. The three‐dimensional data 11 collegiate runners were obtained using an optical scanner system before, immediately, 1 day, 3 days, 8 days after marathon. navicular height ratio significantly decreased from before (navicular height: 44.2 ± 5.0 mm;...

ABSTRACT To obtain complete genome sequences of turkey rotavirus A strains Ty-1 and Ty-3, we sequenced the gene segments that had not been decoded previously. The genotype constellations respective were determined to be G17-P[38]-I4-R4-C4-M4-A16-N4-T4-E4-H4 G7-P[35]-I4-R4-C4-M4-A16-N4-T4-E11-H14. Notably, their VP4 NSP5 genes classified into novel genotypes.

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation is a relatively new technique to evoke spinal reflexes in lower limb muscles. The advantage of this that the reflex responses can be obtained from multiple muscles simultaneously. However, repeatability evoked by transcutaneous cord between days has not been evaluated. We aimed examine recruitment properties stimulation. Recruitment curves 8 (i.e., foot, leg, and thigh muscles) 20 males were measured on two consecutive days. To confirm caused activation...

The object of this study was to clarify the effects foot muscle relaxation on activity in primary motor cortex hand area. Subjects were asked volitionally relax right from sustained contraction either dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior; TA relaxation) or plantarflexor (soleus; SOL response an auditory stimulus. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered area left at different time intervals before after onset relaxation. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded...

Previous studies suggest that marathon running induces lower extremity muscle damage. This study aimed to examine inter- and intramuscular differences in hamstring damage after a using transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI). 20 healthy collegiate runners (15 males) were recruited for this study. T2-MRI was performed before (PRE) at 1 (D1), 3 (D3), 8 days (D8) marathon, the T2 values of each distal, middle, proximal sites calculated. Results indicated no...

Periodic interlimb coordination shows lower performance when the ipsilateral hand and foot (e.g. right foot) are simultaneously moved than contralateral left moved. The present study aimed to investigate how brain activity that is related dependence of hand-foot on limb combination, using functional magnetic imaging (fMRI). Twenty-one right-handed subjects performed periodic coordinated movements or in same opposite direction sagittal plane. Kinematic data showed was for one. A comparison...

Functional plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex occurs following motor practice, as well after limb amputation. However, joint effect amputation and intensive, long-term practice on cortical remains unclear. Here, we recorded brain activity during unilateral contraction hip, knee, ankle muscles from a long jump Paralympic gold medalist with below-knee (Amputee Long Jumper, ALJ). He used amputated leg prosthesis for take-off. Under similar conditions to ALJ, also healthy jumpers (HLJ)...

Evaluating reciprocal inhibition of the thigh muscles is important to investigate neural circuits locomotor behaviors. However, measurements using spinal reflex, such as H-reflex, have never been systematically established owing methodological limitations. The present study aimed clarify existence in transcutaneous cord stimulation (tSCS). Twenty able-bodied male individuals were enrolled. We evoked reflex from biceps femoris muscle (BF) by tSCS on lumber posterior root. examined whether...

Inami, T, Nakagawa, K, Yonezu, Fukano, M, Higashihara, A, Iizuka, S, Abe, and Narita, T. Tracking of time-dependent changes in muscle hardness after a full marathon. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3431-3437, 2019-We sought to identify individual marathon track using ultrasound strain elastography (SE). Twenty-one collegiate runners were recruited. Muscle (i.e., ratio, SR) was measured SE for the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps (BF) long head, tibialis anterior (TA),...

Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation has recently been demonstrated to modulate cortical excitability. In the present study, we investigated effect of transspinal (tsSMS) on excitability corticospinal tract.A compact magnet for tsSMS (0.45 Tesla) or a stainless steel cylinder sham was positioned over neck (C8 level) 24 able-bodied subjects 15 min. Using 120% resting motor threshold transcranial intensity, evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured from first digital interosseous muscle...

Rhythmic two-limb coordinated movements in the sagittal plane are variable and inaccurate when opposite direction as compared with those same (directional constraint). The magnitude of directional constraint depends on particular limb combination. It is prominent ipsilateral hand-foot coordination, but minimal bimanual hand coordination. reason for such differences remains unclear. In this study, we investigated possible mechanisms underlying production difference that depend Subjects...

In performing simultaneous rhythmic movements of the ipsilateral hand and foot, there are differences in level stability between same directional (stable) opposite (unstable) movements. This is constraint. this study, we investigated three factors ("interaction efferent process," "interaction afferent signals," "error correction") proposed to underlie for We compared performance tasks: (1) coordination actively moved (2) active movement with passively (3) not coordinated a foot. each task,...

During coordination of the movement two limbs, movements often interfere with each other, i.e., interlimb is constrained. Many movement-related parameters such as direction, frequency, coupling neural network among and muscle homology are considered constraints coordination, they roughly consolidated into constraints, a neuromuscular constraint, perceptual-cognitive constraint. Interlimb to be governed by coalition constraints. On other hand, spontaneous purely perceptual in nature. In this...