Rice is the primary source of food for billions people in developing countries, yet commonly consumed polished grain contains insufficient levels key micronutrients iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and Vitamin A to meet daily dietary requirements. Experts estimate that a rice-based diet should contain 14.5 µg g(-1) Fe endosperm, main constituent grain, but breeding programs have failed achieve even half value. Transgenic efforts increase concentration rice endosperm include expression ferritin genes,...

Plants modify metabolic processes for adaptation to low phosphate (P) conditions. Whilst transcriptomic analyses show that P deficiency changes hundreds of genes related various processes, there is limited information available global metabolite P-deficient plants, especially cereals. As in metabolites are the ultimate 'readout' gene expression, we profiled polar from both shoots and roots barley (Hordeum vulgare) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed mildly...

Many species of microalgae produce greatly enhanced amounts triacylglycerides (TAGs), the key product for biodiesel production, in response to specific environmental stresses. Improvement TAG production by through optimization growth regimes is great interest. This relies on understanding microalgal lipid metabolism relation stress particular deprivation nutrients that can induce synthesis. In this study, a detailed investigation changes composition Chlorella sp. and Nannochloropsis nitrogen...

Primary and secondary amines, including amino acids, biogenic hormones, neurotransmitters, plant siderophores, are readily derivatized with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate using easily performed experimental methodology. Complex mixtures of these amine derivatives can be fractionated quantified liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Upon collision induced dissociation (CID) in a quadrupole cell, all compounds lose the aminoquinoline tag....

Abstract The lipid characteristics of microalgae are known to differ between species and change with growth conditions. This work provides a methodology for characterization that enables selection the optimal strain, cultivation conditions, processing pathway commercial biodiesel production from microalgae. Two different microalgal species, Nannochloropsis sp. Chlorella sp., were cultivated under both nitrogen replete depleted Lipids extracted fractionated into three major classes quantified...

Abstract The extraordinary level of accumulation nickel (Ni) in hyperaccumulator plants is a consequence specific metal sequestering and transport mechanisms, knowledge these processes critical for advancing an understanding transition element metabolic regulation plants. Ni biopathways were elucidated three plant species, Phyllanthus balgooyi, securinegioides (Phyllanthaceae) Rinorea bengalensis (Violaceae), that occur Sabah (Malaysia) on the Island Borneo. This study showed mainly...

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is cultivated on more land than any other crop and produces a fifth of the calories consumed by humans. Wheat endosperm rich in starch yet contains low concentrations dietary iron (Fe) zinc (Zn). Biofortification micronutrient intervention aimed at increasing density bioavailability essential vitamins minerals staple crops; Fe biofortification has proved challenging. In this study we employed constitutive expression (CE) rice (Oryza sativa nicotianamine...

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a technology that enables the visualization of spatial distribution hundreds to thousands metabolites in same tissue section simultaneously. Roots are below-ground plant organs anchor plants soil, take up water and nutrients, sense respond external stresses. Physiological responses salinity multifaceted have predominantly been studied using whole tissues cannot resolve spatially. This study aimed use comprehensive approach profiles metabolites, quantify...

As integral parts of plant signaling networks, phytohormones are involved in the regulation metabolism and growth under adverse environmental conditions, including salinity. Globally, salinity is one most severe abiotic stressors with an estimated 800 million hectares arable land affected. Roots first organ to sense soil, initial site sodium (Na+) exposure. However, quantification roots challenging, as they often present at extremely low levels compared other tissues. To overcome this...

The closure of campuses in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic meant that scheduled practical activities for introductory chemistry students could not take place. first class started prior shutdown, and 21.5% undertook face-to-face offering. remainder completed an online offering consisting same worksheet with videos each tasks, which relate ions solution: conductivity precipitation. A Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test comparison marks showed had, on average, a 0.9/10 drop their mark compared...

Most apicomplexan parasites possess a non-photosynthetic plastid (the apicoplast), which harbors enzymes for number of metabolic pathways, including prokaryotic type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway. In Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent toxoplasmosis, FASII pathway is essential parasite growth and infectivity. However, little known about fate acids synthesized by FASII. this study, we have investigated function plant-like glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (TgATS1) that...

Abstract The flavour of aquatic animal products is distinct from terrestrial foods, facilitating a competitive marketing advantage. However, the animals can also be highly variable. Importantly, differences are reported in aquaculture and wild‐capture systems. These erode consumer acceptance reduce financial returns to producers. Mild ‘fish‐like’, ‘marine’, ‘crustacean‐like’, ‘seafood’ ‘sweet’ odours desirable. overt ‘fatty’ ‘earthy’ quality deficits cause become unpalatable. Odorous...

• Experimental evidence suggests that nicotianamine (NA) is involved in the complexation of metal ions some metal-hyperaccumulating plants. Closely-related nickel (Ni)- and zinc (Zn)-hyperaccumulating species were studied to determine whether a correlation exists between Ni Zn concentrations NA foliar tissues. A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedure was developed quantify amino acid contents using derivatizing agent 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate. strong...

Elemental imaging using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed on whole leaves of the hyperaccumulating plant<italic>Noccaea caerulescens</italic>after treatments with either Ni, Zn or Cd.

The complex process of photosynthesis requires precise arrangements light harvesting molecules in the photosynthetic system.

Evening consumption of a whey protein rich in the amino acid tryptophan, alpha-lactalbumin (ALAC), has previously shown to benefit sleep—particularly among poor sleepers. Given trained populations often experience sleep difficulty, this study investigated whether evening supplementation ALAC would influence outcomes, mood, and next-day cognitive performance within population with difficulties. Nineteen participants (females, n = 11) difficulties (Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: 8.1 ±...

Abstract Injecting CO 2 into deep geological formations can be an effective carbon removal and storage technology to mitigate global climate change. Interaction of injected with rock changes pH hydrochemistry within the injection zone (&gt; 800 m depth). However, cap rocks multiple tight aquitards typically act as barriers protect shallow aquifer from in zone. Monitoring evaluation groundwater quality are essential verify that capture projects (CCS) do not impact near-surface environment....

Abstract Highly polar metabolites, such as sugars and most amino acids are not retained by conventional RP LC columns. Without sufficient retention low concentration compounds detected due ion suppression structural isomers resolved. In contrast, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) aqueous normal phase (ANP) retain based on their hydrophilicity therefore provides a means of separating highly compounds. Here, an ANP method the diamond hydride stationary is presented for profiling...