Microglial cells are resident immune of the central nervous system (CNS), recognized as key elements in regulation neural homeostasis and response to injury repair. As excessive activation microglia may lead neurodegeneration, therapeutic strategies targeting its inhibition were shown improve treatment most neurodegenerative diseases. Benfotiamine is a synthetic vitamin B1 (thiamine) derivate exerting potentially anti-inflammatory effects. Despite encouraging results regarding benfotiamine...

Neuroinflammation and microglial activation, common components of most neurodegenerative diseases, can be imitated in vitro by challenging microglia cells with Lps. We here aimed to evaluate the effects agmatine pretreatment on Lps-induced oxidative stress a mouse BV-2 cell line. Our findings show that suppresses nitrosative burst Lps-stimulated reducing iNOS XO activity decreasing O2- levels, arresting lipid peroxidation, increasing total glutathione content, preserving GR CAT activity. In...

Abstract Modulating metabolic pathways in activated microglia can alter their phenotype, which is relevant uncontrolled neuroinflammation as a component of various neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated how pretreatment with agmatine, an endogenous polyamine, affects changes vitro model neuroinflammation, murine microglial BV‐2 cell line exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hence, analyzed gene expression using qPCR and protein levels Western blot ELISA. Microglial status was...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease with unknown origin. Previous studies showed the involvement of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to susceptibility autoimmune diseases, including MS, and its best-characterized animal model, experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE). During MS/EAE, innate immune cells are activated release cytokines other inflammatory mediators, leading a vicious cycle inflammation. In response inflammation, HPA modulates responses via...

Purinergic signaling is critically involved in neuroinflammation associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and its major inflammatory animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we explored the expression of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1 (NTPDase1/CD39) spinal cord, at onset (Eo), peak (Ep) end (Ee) EAE. Several-fold increase mRNA NTPDase1 protein levels were observed Eo Ep. In situ hybridization combined fluorescent immunohistochemistry showed that...

It is widely accepted that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a universal danger‐associated molecular pattern with several known mechanisms for immune cell activation. In the central nervous system, ATP activates microglia and astrocytes induces neuroinflammatory response. The aim of present study was to describe responses isolated increasing concentrations (5 µM 1 mM), which were intended mimic graded intensity extracellular stimulus. results show activation response in terms...

The present study explores tissue and cellular distribution of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) the gene protein expression in rat spinal cord during course experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Given that NTPDase2 hydrolyzes ATP with a transient accumulation ADP, ADP-sensitive P2 purinoceptors was analyzed as well. disease actively induced Dark Agouti female rats changes were 10, 15, 29 days after induction. These selected time points correspond to...

Leptin is produced by white adipose tissue and other cell types involved in both short- long-term appetite control. Here we studied effects of starvation on serum, pituitary hypothalamic levels leptin during 72 h period. Each the starved groups was sacrificed simultaneously with group ad libitum fed animals. The progression discrete response phases monitored testing blood glucose, free fatty acid, urea corticosterone levels. Starvation caused biphasic increase acid levels, significant but...

Summary Background: Cortical stab injury (CSI) induces changes in the activity, expression and cellular distribution of specific ectonucleotidases at site. Also, several experimentally induced neuropathologies are associated with soluble ectonucleotidase activities plasma serum, whilst various insults to brain alter purine compounds levels cerebrospinal fluid, but also indicating that may induce alterations nucleotides release rate their hydrolysis vascular system. Since adenine adenosine...

Microglia play a key role in defending central nervous system from various internal and external threats. However, their excessive and/or chronic activation is associated with deleterious effects variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, we have shown that ribavirin when applied clinically relevant dosage (10 μ M) modulates activated microglia complex fashion inducing both anti- proinflammatory effects, simultaneously causing cytotoxicity. Here, examined potential low-dose (0.1 1 to...

Abstract Ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase/CD73 (eN/CD73) is a membrane‐bound enzyme involved in extracellular production of adenosine and cell adhesion molecule cell–cell interactions. In neuroinflammatory conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), reactive astrocytes occupying active demyelination areas significantly upregulate eN/CD73 express additional variants. The present study investigated whether the different variants represent distinct glycoforms functional consequences...

Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) hydrolyzes extracellular ATP to ADP, which is the ligand for P2Y 1,12,13 receptors. The present study describes distribution of NTPDase2 in adult rat brains physiological conditions, and hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by trimethyltin (TMT). also regulation inflammatory mediators primary astrocytes oligodendroglial cell line OLN93. In protein was most abundant hippocampus, where it found fibrous synaptic endings synaptic-rich...

Thermal inactivation of peroxidase (POD) in an extract Picea omorika (Pančić) Purkynĕ needles initiated by heat treatment was studied.This is the first study this kind on a conifer species.Non-linear regression analysis applied rate data, combining Mitscherlich and Arrhenius equations, treating time temperature simultaneously as explaining variables.We determined constant k, energy E remaining activity C min for crude separated acidic basic enzyme fractions, well individual isoenzymes...

Injury and other pathological conditions induce a massive release of ATP ADP that initiate an immune response. Extracellular nucleotides are degraded by ectonucleotidases: enzymes from E-NTPDase E-NPP families sequentially hydrolyze to AMP, which is further hydrolyzed ecto-5?-nucleotidase adenosine exerts suppressive effects on cells. We investigated the ectonucleotidase activities peripheral lymphocytes at different post-injury times after unilateral brain injury in rat. Significant dynamic...

Ectonucleotidases are cell surface-located enzymes responsible for the extracellular degradation of nucleotides. They comprised several protein families: ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDase), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (E-NPPases) and ecto-5?-nucleotidase. Previously we showed that cortical stab injury alters ectonucleotidase activities in rat brain, but specific these changes were not identified. In this study investigated gene expression...

We studied the dependence of peroxidase (POD) activity on pH in crude extract Picea omorika (Panč.)Purkinye needles and its acidic basic fractions, obtained by ion exchange chromatography.Nonlinear regression was applied data with as explaining variable, using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.Studying at three different temperatures, shape simulated activity/pH dependences indicated an existence two components, which confirmed mathematical modeling.The kinetic parameters Act 0 , K EH EOH both...