Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH oxidase, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), trigger signal transduction in diverse biological processes plants. However, functions of RBOH homologs rice (Oryza sativa) and other gramineous plants are poorly understood. Ethylene induces formation lysigenous aerenchyma, which consists internal gas spaces created programmed cell death cortical cells, roots under oxygen-deficient conditions. Here, we report that, rice, one isoform...

Exposing plants to hypoxic conditions greatly improves their anoxic stress tolerance by enhancing the activities of glycolysis and fermentation in roots. Ethylene may also be involved these adaptive responses because its synthesis is increased roots under conditions. Here it reported that pre-treatment wheat seedlings with an ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), enhanced accumulation seedlings, oxygen-deficient through increasing expression genes encoding ethanol...

Lateral roots (LRs) are derived from a parental root and contribute to water nutrient uptake the soil. Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid protein (AUX/IAA; IAA) auxin response factor (ARF)-mediated signaling essential for LR formation. Lysigenous aerenchyma, gas space created by cortical cell death, aids internal oxygen transport within plants. Rice (Oryza sativa) forms lysigenous aerenchyma constitutively under aerobic conditions increases its formation oxygen-deficient conditions; however,...

Abstract Soil salinization and ground water depletion are increasingly constraining crop production. Identifying useful mechanisms of salt tolerance is an important step towards development salt-tolerant crops. Of particular interest that present in wild relatives, as they may have greater stress than species. The coastal species Vigna marina one the promising plant resources for tolerance. V. luteola another with diverse habitats including seaside riverbank, hereafter, luteola-beach...

• To adapt to waterlogging in soil, some gramineous plants, such as maize (Zea mays), form lysigenous aerenchyma the root cortex. Ethylene, which is accumulated during waterlogging, promotes formation. However, molecular mechanism of formation not understood. The aim this study was identify formation-associated genes expressed roots a basis for understanding Maize plants were grown under waterlogged conditions, with or without pretreatment an ethylene perception inhibitor...

Internal aeration is crucial for root growth in waterlogged soil. A barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) can enhance long-distance transport via the aerenchyma tip; a higher concentration at apex enables into anoxic The ROL formed within outer part of roots (OPR). Suberin and/or lignin deposited cell walls are thought contribute barrier, but it unclear which compound main constituent. This study describes gene expression profiles during formation rice determine relative responses suberin...

Lysigenous aerenchyma, which develops by death and subsequent lysis of the cortical cells in roots, is essential for internal long-distance oxygen transport from shoot base to root tips plants waterlogged soil. Although many studies focus on amounts aerenchyma significance size cortex forms has received less research attention. In present study, we evaluated cross-sectional area each tissue adventitious roots upland crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum) maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), wetland crop,...

Drought and flooding are contrasting abiotic stressors for plants. Evidence is accumulating root anatomical traits being essential the adaptation to drought or flooding. However, an integrated approach comprehensively understand has not yet been established. Here we analysed of 18 wild Poaceae species differing in a range soil water content. Regression model analyses revealed optimal that were required by plants adapt low high While area number each tissue (e.g. stele, cortex, xylem...

The shoot and root system architectures are fundamental for crop productivity. During the history of artificial selection domestication post-domestication breeding, architecture rice has significantly changed from its wild ancestor to fulfil requirements in agriculture. We review recent studies on developmental biology by focusing components determining plant architecture; meristems, leaves, tillers, stems, inflorescences roots. also highlight natural variations that affected these...

Strigolactones (SLs) are a group of phytohormones that control plant growth and development including shoot branching. Previous studies the phenotypes SL-related rice (Oryza sativa) dwarf (d) mutants demonstrated SLs inhibit mesocotyl elongation by controlling cell division. Here, we found expression cytokinin (CK)-responsive type-A RESPONSE REGULATOR (RR) genes was higher in d10-1 d14-1 than wild type. However, CK levels mesocotyls d were not very different from those On other hand,...

In roots of gramineous plants, lysigenous aerenchyma is created by the death and lysis cortical cells. Rice (Oryza sativa) constitutively forms under aerobic conditions, its formation further induced oxygen-deficient conditions. However, maize (Zea mays) develops only Ethylene involved in formation. Here, we investigated how ethylene-dependent differently regulated between rice maize. For this purpose, rice, used reduced culm number1 (rcn1) mutant, which ethylene biosynthesis suppressed....

We recently achieved targeted disruptions of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-associated genes in the mitochondrial genomes rice and rapeseed by using mitochondria-targeted transcription activator-like effector nucleases (mitoTALENs). It was first report stable heritable gene modification plant genomes. Here, we attempted to use mitoTALENs disrupt two model Arabidopsis thaliana(Arabidopsis) three different promoters types TALENs. The targets were isoforms ATP synthase subunit 6 gene, atp6-1...

Auxin flow is important for different root developmental processes such as formation, emergence, elongation and gravitropism. However, the detailed information about mechanisms regulating auxin less well understood in rice. We characterized transport-related mutants, Ospin-formed2-1 (Ospin2-1) Ospin2-2, which exhibited curly phenotypes altered lateral formation patterns The OsPIN2 gene encodes a member of efflux carrier proteins that possibly regulates basipetal from tip toward zone....

Internal oxygen diffusion from shoot to root tips is enhanced by the formation of aerenchyma (gas space) in waterlogged soils. Lysigenous created programmed cell death and subsequent lysis cortical cells. Rice (Oryza sativa) forms constitutively under aerobic conditions increases its oxygen-deficient conditions. Recently, we have demonstrated that constitutive regulated auxin signaling mediated Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid protein (AUX/IAA; IAA). While ethylene involved inducible formation,...

To adapt to waterlogging, maize (Zea mays) forms lysigenous aerenchyma in root cortex as a result of ethylene-promoted programmed cell death (PCD). Respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) gene encodes gp91phox NADPH oxidase, and has role the generation reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, we found that, during formation, RBOH was up-regulated all tissues examined, whereas an ROS scavenging-related metallothionein (MT) down-regulated specifically cortical cells. Together, these changes...

Abstract The formation of a barrier to radial oxygen ( O 2 ) loss ROL in the root is an important adaptation plants flooding, but biochemical changes plant roots where formed are unclear. In this study, we analysed metabolic profiles and gene expression rice ryza sativa L .) grown under stagnant deoxygenated conditions, which induce suberization outer cell layers . Under these two distinctive features were accumulations malic acid very long chain fatty acids VLCFAs ). We also showed that...

Background and Aims Internal aeration is important for plants to survive during periods of waterlogging, the ability form aerenchyma contributes by creating a continuous gas space between shoots roots. Roots maize (Zea mays) react prolonged waterlogging forming in root cortical cells programmed cell death (PCD) response ethylene. The aim this study was understand molecular mechanisms ethylene-induced formation identifying genes that are either up- or downregulated ethylene treatment cells....

Plants require water, but a deficit or excess of water can negatively impact their growth and functioning. Soil flooding, in which root-zone is filled with restricts oxygen diffusion into the soil. Global climate change increasing risk crop yield loss caused by development flooding tolerant crops urgently needed. Root anatomical traits are essential for plants to adapt drought as they determine balance between rates transport. The stele contains xylem cortex aerenchyma (gas spaces),...

Summary Although homologous recombination‐promoted knock‐in targeting to monitor the expression of a gene by fusing reporter with its promoter is routine practice in mice, modify endogenous genes flowering plants remains infancy. In targeting, junction sequence between and an target can be designed properly, transgenic carrying identical desired allele repeatedly obtained. By employing reproducible gene‐targeting procedure positive–negative selection rice, we were able obtain fertile...