This experiment was aimed at establishing, for the first time, survival capability of lichens exposed to space conditions. In particular, damaging effect various wavelengths extraterrestrial solar UV radiation studied. The used were bipolar species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans, which collected above 2000 m in mountains central Spain as endolithic communities inhabiting granites Antarctic Dry Valleys. Lichens BIOPAN-5 facility European Space Agency; is located on outer shell...

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae infects plants with a specialized cell called an appressorium, which uses turgor to drive rigid penetration peg through the leaf cuticle. Here, we show that NADPH oxidases (Nox) are necessary for septin-mediated reorientation of F-actin cytoskeleton facilitate cuticle rupture and plant invasion. We report Nox2–NoxR complex spatially organizes heteroligomeric septin ring at appressorium pore, required assembly toroidal network point emergence....

Bidirectional membrane trafficking along microtubules is mediated by kinesin-1, kinesin-3, and dynein. Several organelle-bound adapters for kinesin-1 dynein have been reported that orchestrate their opposing activity. However, the coordination of kinesin-3/dynein-mediated transport not understood. In this paper, we report a Hook protein, Hok1, essential kinesin-3– dynein-dependent early endosome (EE) motility in fungus Ustilago maydis. Hok1 binds to EEs via its C-terminal region, where it...

In many cell types, bidirectional long-range endosome transport is mediated by the opposing motor proteins dynein and kinesin-3. Here we use a fungal model system to investigate how both motors cooperate in early (EE) motility. It was previously reported that Kin3, member of kinesin-3 family, cytoplasmic mediate motility EEs fungus Ustilago maydis . We fused green fluorescent protein endogenous heavy chain kin3 gene visualized their cargo living cells. Whereas found on anterograde retrograde...

Intracellular transport is mediated by molecular motors that bind cargo to be transported along the cytoskeleton. Here, we report, for first time, peroxisomes (POs), lipid droplets (LDs), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) rely on early endosomes (EEs) intracellular movement in a fungal model system. We show POs undergo kinesin-3– dynein-dependent microtubules. Surprisingly, kinesin-3 does not colocalize with POs. Instead, motor moves EEs drag through cell. PO motility abolished when EE blocked...

Abstract To cause plant disease, pathogenic fungi can secrete effector proteins into cells to suppress immunity and facilitate fungal infection. Most pathogens infect plants using very long strand-like cells, called hyphae, that effectors from their tips host tissue. How undergo long-distance cell signalling regulate production during infection is not known. Here we show retrograde motility of early endosomes (EEs) necessary trigger transcription effector-encoding genes by the fungus...

Abstract Even distribution of peroxisomes (POs) and lipid droplets (LDs) is critical to their role in reactive oxygen species homeostasis. How even achieved remains elusive, but diffusive motion directed motility may play a role. Here we show that the fungus Ustilago maydis ∼95% POs LDs undergo motions. These movements require ATP involve bidirectional early endosome motility, indicating microtubule-associated membrane trafficking enhances diffusion organelles. When transport abolished,...

The polarity of microtubules (MTs) determines the motors for intracellular motility, with kinesins moving to plus ends and dynein minus ends. In elongated cells Ustilago maydis, is thought move early endosomes (EEs) toward septum (retrograde), whereas kinesin-3 transports them growing cell tip (anterograde). Occasionally, EEs run up 90 μm in one direction. underlying MT array consists unipolar MTs at both antipolar bundles middle region cell. Cytoplasmic MT-organizing centers, labeled a...

Abstract The emerging resistance of crop pathogens to fungicides poses a challenge food security and compels discovery new antifungal compounds. Here, we show that mono-alkyl lipophilic cations (MALCs) inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by affecting NADH oxidation in the plant Zymoseptoria tritici , Ustilago maydis Magnaporthe oryzae . One these MALCs, consisting dimethylsulfonium moiety long alkyl chain (C 18 -SMe 2 + ), also induces production reactive oxygen species at level respiratory...

Triazoles are widely used to control pathogenic fungi. They inhibit the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, but precise mechanisms leading fungicidal activities in many fungal pathogens poorly understood. Here, we elucidate mode of action epoxiconazole and metconazole wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that both azoles have activity reduce fluidity, not integrity, plasma membrane. This impairs localisation Cdc15-like F-BAR proteins, resulting...

Abstract Class V chitin synthases are fungal virulence factors required for plant infection. They consist of a myosin motor domain fused to membrane-spanning synthase region that participates in cell wall formation. The function the is unknown, but it might deliver synthase-attached vesicles growth region. Here, we analyze importance both domains Mcs1, maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis. By quantitative analysis disease symptoms, tissue colonization, and single-cell morphogenic parameters,...

Zymoseptoria tritici causes the major fungal wheat disease septoria blotch, and is increasingly being used as a model for transmission population genetics, well host-pathogen interactions. Here, we study biological function of ZtWor1, orthologue Wor1 in human pathogen Candida albicans, representative superfamily regulatory proteins involved dimorphic switching. In Z. tritici, this gene pivotal pathogenesis, ZtWor1 mutants were nonpathogenic complementation restored wild-type phenotypes....

Abstract The European light dosimeter network (ELDONET) comprises more than 40 stations in 24 countries on 5 continents. present report compares solar radiation data the photosynthetic active radiation, UV‐A (315–400 nm) and UV‐B (280–315 wavelength ranges for 17 at different latitudes northern southern hemispheres up to 10 years of monitoring. While maximal irradiances clear days follow a latitudinal gradient due cosine dependence angle, total doses strongly depend local climate atmospheric...

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are powerful tools to investigate intracellular dynamics and protein localization. Cytoplasmic expression of FPs in fungal pathogens allows greater insight into invasion strategies the host-pathogen interaction. Detection their fluorescent signal depends on right combination microscopic setup brightness. Slow rates photo-bleaching pivotal for vivo observation over longer periods time. Here, we test green-fluorescent proteins, including Aequorea coerulescens GFP...

Understanding the cellular organization and biology of fungal pathogens requires accurate methods for genomic integration mutant alleles or fluorescent fusion-protein constructs. In Zymoseptoria tritici, this can be achieved by integrating plasmid DNA randomly into genome wheat pathogen. However, untargeted ectopic carries risk unwanted side effects, such as altered gene expression, due to targeting regulatory elements, disruption following protein-coding regions genome. Here, we establish...

Global banana production is currently challenged by Panama disease, caused Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (FocTR4). There are no effective fungicide-based strategies to control this soil-borne pathogen. This could be due insensitivity of the pathogen fungicides and/or soil application per se . Here, we test effect 12 single-site and 9 multi-site against FocTR4 Foc Race1 (FocR1) in quantitative colony growth, cell survival assays purified macroconidia, microconidia...

Exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm is controlled by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). In animals, NPCs are anchored lamina, which ensures their even distribution proper organization of chromosomes. Fungi do not possess a lamina how they arrange chromosomes unknown. Here, we show that motor-driven motility organizes fungal nucleus. Ustilago maydis, Aspergillus nidulans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fluorescently labeled showed ATP-dependent movements at ∼1.0 µm/s. S. U. NPC prevented from...

Abstract The German Aerospace Center (DLR) enabled participation in the joint space campaign on unmanned Shenzhou 8 spacecraft November 2011. In this report, effect of microgravity E uglena gracilis cells is described. Custom‐made dual compartment cell fixation units (containing one chamber and fixative – RNA lysis buffer another one) were enclosed a small container placed Simbox incubator, which an experiment support system. Cells fixed by injecting them with at different time intervals....

The aim of this paper is to present the time profile cosmic radiation exposure obtained by Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter during EXPOSE-E mission in European Technology Exposure Facility on International Space Station's Columbus module. Another make results available other teams for use their data analysis. a low-mass and small-dimension automatic device that measures solar four channels ionizing as well. main study include following: (1) three different sources were detected...

In ascomycete fungi, hyphal cells are separated by perforate septa, which allow cell-to-cell communication. To protect against extensive wound-induced damage, septal pores sealed peroxisome-derived Woronin bodies (WBs). The mechanism underpinning WB movement is unknown, but cytoplasmic bulk flow may "flush" WBs into the pore. However, some studies suggest a controlled and active of movement. Indeed, in wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici cellular ATP prevents from pore sealing unwounded...