To overcome some deficiencies in previous constitutive models of giant magnetostrictive materials, a nonlinear and coupled model is suggested to describe the relations for Terfenol-D rod subjected an axial pre-stress then located magnetic field. The numerical simulation by proposed this paper shows predicted strain curves various compressive pre-stresses good agreement with experimental data not only region low moderate field but also high In comparison models, can more effectively effect on...

A field observation array for the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) was built on a dry flat bed of Qingtu Lake in Minqin (China) as Observation Array (QLOA) site, which is similar to Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test (SLTEST) site Utah (USA) Western desert. The present can synchronously perform multi-point measurements wind velocity temperature at different vertical streamwise positions. In other words, three-dimensional turbulent ASL flows be measured QLOA station...

Weak magnetic nondestructive testing (e.g., metal memory method) concerns the magnetization variation of ferromagnetic materials due to its applied load and a weak surrounding them. One key issue on these technologies is magnetomechanical effect for quantitative evaluation state from stress–strain condition. A representative phenomenological model has been proposed explain by Jiles in 1995. However, Jiles' some deficiencies quantification, instance, there visible difference between...

Graphical Abstract

Metal magnetic memory (MMM) testing (also known as micro-magnetic testing) is a new non-destructive electromagnetic method that can diagnose ferromagnetic materials at an early stage by measuring the MMM signal directly on material surface. Previous experiments have shown many factors affect signals, in particular, temperature, elastoplastic state, and complex environmental field. However, fact there been only few studies of either how these signals or physical coupling mechanisms among them...

Dust particles can remain suspended in the atmospheric boundary layer, motions of which are primarily determined by turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling. Little is known about spatial organizations dust concentration how coherent contribute to vertical transport particles. Numerous studies recent years have revealed that large- very-large-scale logarithmic region laboratory-scale layers also exist high Reynolds number but their influence on still unclear. In this study, numerical...

Particle effects on the amplitude modulation are investigated in this study based observational data with various mass loading acquired from long-term measurements of aeolian sandstorms high-Reynolds-number ( $Re_{\tau }\sim O(10^6)$ ) near-neutral atmospheric surface layers. In both particle-laden and unladen flows, addition to positive top–down behaviour logarithmic region, a significant effect that exists for some specific motions is also found single-point modulation. The most energetic...

A spatially developing flat-plate boundary layer free from and two-way coupled with inertial solid particles is simulated to investigate the interaction between turbulent/non-turbulent interface. Particle Stokes numbers based on outer scale are $St=2$ (low), 11 (moderate) 53 (high). The Eulerian–Lagrangian point-particle approach deployed for simulation of particle-laden flow. edge interface detected as an iso-surface vorticity magnitude. Results show that tend accumulate below due...

The impact of bulk viscosity is unclear with considering the increased dilatational dissipation and compressibility effects in hypersonic turbulence flows. In this study, we employ direct numerical simulations to conduct comprehensive analysis effect on turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate. results demonstrate that scaling relations remain valid even when accounting for large viscosity. However, wall-normal velocity fluctuations $v_{rms}^{\prime \prime }$ decrease significantly...

Dust storms are a unique form of high-Reynolds-number particle-laden turbulence associated with intense electrical activity. Using wavelet-based analysis method on field measurement data, Zhang et al. (2023 J. Fluid Mech. 963 , A15) found that wind velocity intermittency intensifies during dust storms, but it is weaker than both concentration and electric field. However, the linear nonlinear multifield coupling characteristics, which significantly influence particle transport modulation,...

The evolution of two-phase structures, turbulence/dust concentration during an entire sandstorm process, including non-stationary flow, has been originally investigated in this study. Dust structures are observed at different stages, which similar to the turbulence structures. These adhere self-similarity steady stage but fail stage. However, dust particle exhibits a better capability follow eddies is not analogous that exhibiting distinct trends. particles, initiated from ground, gradually...

Levitation drift in the high-T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> superconducting levitation systems is directly related to safe operation of systems. In these systems, gap between a superconductor and permanent magnet may decrease, increase, or keep unvarying with time. Based on numerical simulations magnetic force-gap hysteresis relations two different physical processes field cooling, dynamic features at some given...

In this letter, the concentration of particles with size less than 10 μm (PM10) and flow velocities are measured synchronously at different heights in a sand storm, high-Reynolds number multi-phase turbulent boundary layer. It is revealed that low-speed very large scale motions (VLSMs) recurrent frequency dominating streamwise velocity power spectra modulate distribution PM10 concentration. logarithmic layer, VLSMs correspond to weak shear stress on bottom surface hence decrease upward flux....