There is an urgent need to increase the supply of sustainable protein for use in animal feed and insect provides a potential alternative crops fishmeal. For example, fly larvae are highly compatible with containing much digestible levels key amino acids that comparable those found high value alternatives such as soybean. However, safety from insects subsequently meat fish animals fed on diet requires further assessment. Here we present data four species have perhaps greatest economic...

Abstract Gut microbes play a crucial role in decomposing lignocellulose to fuel termite societies, with protists the lower termites and prokaryotes higher providing these services. However, single basal subfamily of termites, Macrotermitinae, also domesticated plant biomass‐degrading fungus ( Termitomyces ), how this symbiont acquisition has affected fungus‐growing gut microbiota remained unclear. The objective our study was compare intestinal bacterial communities five genera (nine species)...

In West Africa, as in many parts of the world, livestock and fish farming suffer from increasing cost feed, especially protein ingredients, which are hardly available for village poultry small-scale farming. Insects, a natural food source rich other valuable nutrients, can be used to improve animal diets, practice is now strongly promoted by FAO tool poverty alleviation. This paper reviews practices research on use insects feed Africa perspectives further develop techniques, particular...

Fire is important for the maintenance of African savanna ecosystems, particularly humid savanna. Despite importance fire behavior to our understanding fire's ecological effects, few studies have documented and its determinants in West savannas and, particular, whether depends on season year. We analyzed Guinean Lamto (Ivory Coast) during a 4-year field experiment. The regimes tested consisted three different burning seasons: early-season fire, mid-season late-season fire. Nine 0.5 ha plots...

ABSTRACT Fungus‐farming termites cultivate a Termitomyces fungus monoculture in enclosed gardens (combs) free of other fungi, except during colony declines, where Pseudoxylaria spp. stowaway fungi appear and take over combs. Here, we determined Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) healthy Macrotermes bellicosus nests nature VOC changes associated with comb decay takeover. We identified 443 VOCs unique volatilomes across samples nest that were mainly composed termite contributions. Few linked to...

The mutualistic symbiosis between fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces fungi originated in Africa shows a moderate degree of interaction specificity. Here we estimate the age mutualism test hypothesis that major splits have occurred simultaneously host symbiont. We present scenario where African rainforest just before expansion savanna, about 31 Ma (19-49 Ma). Whereas rough correspondence is observed for four main clades symbiont, analysis reveals several recent events switching followed...

Summary Social insects owe their ecological success to the division of labour between castes, but associations microbial community compositions and castes with different tasks diets have not been extensively explored. Fungus‐growing termites associate fungi degrade plant material, complemented by diverse gut communities. Here, we explore whether accompanying dietary differences fungus‐growing termite are linked bacterial structure. Using amplicon sequencing, characterize in sterile (worker...

Larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., are a suitable protein source for incorporation into animal feed. In Sub-Saharan Africa, one methods to produce fly larvae is expose substrate attract naturally-occurring adult flies oviposition. A production system, described herein, was set up in Mali and potential method assessed by studying influence various parameters on yields. Of four mixtures tested, three, i.e. chicken manure alone, sheep coagulated blood, blood provided average yields...

Abstract Background Populations of vultures in Africa have experienced a rapid decline over recent decades, with some species suffering losses more than 90%. Various forms human pressures been identified as the causes this decline. However, very little is known about complex interaction between cultural practises, traditional medicine and vultures’ natural environment. The purpose study was to analyse on relation attitudes such their demand for magico-traditional Côte d’Ivoire, around Comoé...

Fungus-farming termite colonies maintain monoculture fungus combs in underground chambers without apparent problems with diseases. Multiple lines of defense contribute to the suppression or removal antagonists symbiosis, but role termite-manipulated environment within mounds has yet be tested. Specifically, have extremely high levels CO 2 compared atmospheric levels. We tested effect 5% on growth fungal crops from Macrotermes bellicosus colonies, generalist fungi that could challenge as well...

The mutualistic symbiosis between termites of the Macrotermitinae subfamily (Isoptera: Termitidae) and fungi genus Termitomyces (Basidiomycota: Lyophyllaceae) is great ecological socio-economic importance. Seasonal fruit bodies symbiotic are regularly collected sold in Côte d'Ivoire. However, there very few studies on their diversity, phenology, distribution especially scope these at a national scale. This study aims (i) assessing diversity d'Ivoire (ii) mapping fructification areas through...

Abstract Fungus-farming termites (Macrotermitinae) engage in an obligate mutualism with members of the fungal genus Termitomyces, which they maintain as a monoculture on specialized comb structures. Both these structures and guts host diverse bacterial communities that are believed to assist sustaining farming through antagonist suppression. Among candidate bacteria-derived compounds serving this function non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), highly bioactive class metabolites, frequently produced...

Many fungal species in tropical Africa are useful, with high added value, and play essential roles the structure dynamic of ecosystems. However, diversity, distribution, uses by local populations these non-timber forest products (NTFPs) their respective habitats still very poorly understood sub-Saharan general more specifically Côte d'Ivoire. This study aims at (i) inventorying wild useful mushrooms d'Ivoire within its major protected areas surrounding sociolinguistical groups, according to...

La mesure directe de l’intensité du feu n’étant pas toujours possible car fastidieuse et coûteuse, les indices post-feu substituent celle-ci permettent mieux comprendre caractéristiques son impact sur la végétation. Cette étude a été menée dans réserve Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire) le but d’identifier qui sont bons indicateurs feu. Trois régimes ont expérimentés 2013 à 2017: précoce, mi-saison, tardif. L’intensité déterminée durant chaque Ensuite, post-feux que : hauteur des flammes, l’efficacité...

Termites are one of the major components tropical ecosystems. However, ecological and biological variables determining structure their communities within natural habitats less documented in general especially Comoe National Park, a Sudano-Guinean savanna zone located north-eastern part Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). Using standardized method belt transects, termite's was estimated differing vegetation, soil characteristics, disturbance level caused by annual occurrences bushfires. The effect...

Abstract: To maintain savanna vegetation, mid-seasonal fire has been applied since 1961 in the Lamto Savanna (Côte d'Ivoire). However, this prescribed not impeded tree encroachment during recent years, nor have its effects on insect assemblages documented. Also impact of intrusion is poorly studied savanna. prevent density increasing, a change regime might be solution. In study, we examined effect different regimes (early, and late fires) leaf-litter ant order to suggest appropriate measures...

Objectif : La vente des champignons en Côte d’Ivoire est une activité peu connue par les populations. L'objectif d’inventorier et de montrer le potentiel comestibles dans marchés vue leur conservation gestion durable pour utilisation efficiente. Méthodologie Résultats enquête socioéconomique a été menée 21 11 villages, soit 1427 répondants. Tous acteurs actrices la ont recensés ainsi que espèces retrouvées sur leurs étals. Auprès ces actrices, interview individuelle semi-structurée réalisée...

Termitomyces is a genus of basidiomycete fungi cultivated by termites the subfamily Macrotermitinae. This symbiosis originated in central Africa, and subsequently, fungus-growing have colonized almost entire African continent including Madagascar as well significant parts Asia. Around 40 species been described based on morphology sexual fruit bodies, which are associated with some 330 distributed over 11 genera. However, total number fungal may be higher not all regularly produce mushrooms,...

<title>Abstract</title> The use of compounds produced by hosts or symbionts for defence against antagonists has been identified in many organisms, including fungus-farming termites (Macrotermitinae). obligate mutualistic fungus <italic>Termitomyces</italic> plays a central role the symbiosis through plant biomass decomposition and as main food source these termites. Several specialised (secondary) metabolites have isolated from different species, suggesting that they may also aid...