Assessing the long-term precipitation changes is of utmost importance for understanding impact climate change. This study investigated variability extreme events over Pakistan on basis daily data from 51 weather stations 1980-2016. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall, Sen’s slope estimator, least squares method, and two-tailed simple t-test methods were used to assess trend in eight indices. These indices wet days (R1 ≥1 mm), heavy (R10 ≥ 10 very (R20 20 severe (R50 50 (R95p) defining 95...

Reanalysis precipitation products (RPPs) are frequently used for studying the water cycle changes from short to long-term scale globally. In current study, ERA-5 produced by European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Japanese 55-year (JRA-55), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), Climate Forecast System (CFS-2) were evaluated with rain-gauge data as a reference during 1981–2019 over Pakistan. The performance was assessed using...

Drought is an intricate atmospheric phenomenon with the greatest impacts on food security and agriculture in South Asia. Timely appropriate forecasting of drought vital reducing its negative impacts. This study intended to explore performance evaporative stress index (ESI), vegetation health (VHI), enhanced (EVI), standardized anomaly (SAI) based satellite remote sensing data from 2002–2019 for agricultural assessment Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. The spatial maps were generated...

The substantial reliance of South Asia (SA) to rain-based agriculture makes the region susceptible food scarcity due droughts. Previously, most research on SA has emphasized meteorological aspects with little consideration agrarian drought impressions. insufficient amount in situ precipitation data across also hindered thorough investigation sector. In recent times, models, satellite remote sensing, and reanalysis products have increased data. Hence, soil moisture, precipitation, terrestrial...

Groundwater depletion has become a major concern all over the world. Recently, rapid population growth and need for water food have placed massive strain on land resources. In this study, groundwater resulting from land-use climate change was investigated in Faisalabad district, Pakistan, 2000 to 2015. A Pearson correlation analysis between climatic parameters indices with conducted explore influencing factors. Interpolation maps of were generated using inverse distance weighting...

Drought is one of the most complex natural phenomena affecting life and livelihood people, especially in current time human-induced climate change. This research employs ground-based observations to assess recent spatiotemporal characteristics meteorological drought events over Rwanda. The examined based on Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) (SPI) at seasonal annual scales from 1981 2020. Man–Kendal test was used evaluate trends rainfall, temperature, SPEI values...

Water is a fundamental and crucial natural resource for human survival. However, the global demand water increasing, leading to subsequent decrease in availability. This study addresses critical need improved forecasting models amidst scarcity concerns exacerbated by climate change. uses best weather model sustainable development. Employing Recurrent Neural Network–Long Short-Term Memory (RNN-LSTM) approach, research enhances drought prediction capabilities integrating secondary data of...

South Asia is home to one of the fastest-growing populations in Asia, and human activities are leaving indelible marks on land surface. Yet likelihood successive observed droughts (SA) its four subregions (R-1: semi-arid, R-2: arid, R-3: subtropical wet, R-4: tropical wet dry) remains poorly understood. Using state-of-the-art self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), we examined impact different natural ocean variability modes evolution, severity, magnitude across that have...

Abstract Currently, there is a lack of investigating moisture sources for precipitation over the upstream catchment Three Gorges Dam (UCTGD), world’s largest dam. Using dynamical recycling model (DRM), trajectory frequency method (TFM), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), this study quantifies transport paths UCTGD summer from 1980 to 2009 based on two categories sources: region-specific source-direction. Overall, land oceanic contribute roughly 63% 37%, respectively,...

In this study, we investigated the interdecadal variability in monsoon rainfall Myanmar region. The gauge-based gridded dataset of Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and Climatic Research Unit version TS4.0 (CRU TS4.0) were used (1950–2019) to investigate summer using empirical orthogonal function (EOF), singular value decomposition (SVD), correlation approaches. results reveal relatively negative anomalies during 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, whereas strong positive identified for 1970s...

In recent decades, water scarcity is a significant constraint for socioeconomic development and threatens livelihood in an agriculture-based developing country like Pakistan. The crisis the projected to exacerbate coming years, especially southern parts. This dire situation calls investigation of major droughts, associated scarcity, changes teleconnection patterns over Southern Moderate low Southeastern monsoon (SEM) precipitation triggered extreme drought episode (2017–2020) Pakistan...

In South China, the large quantity of rainfall in pre-summer rainy season can easily lead to natural disasters, which emphasizes importance improving accuracy precipitation forecasting during this period for social and economic development region. paper, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used establish model forecasting. Three schemes are applied improve performance: (1) predictors selected based on individual meteorological stations within region rather than as a whole; (2)...

The increasing prevalence of warmer trends and climate extremes exacerbate the population's exposure to urban settlements. This work investigated population changes mean extreme events in different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) Pakistan associated mechanisms (1979-2020). Spatiotemporal temperatures revealed significant warming mainly over northern, northeastern, southern AEZs. In contrast, mean-to-extreme precipitation showed non-uniform patterns with a increase northeast Population (extreme)...

The Punjab region of Pakistan faced significant losses from flash flooding in 2010 and experienced a multiyear drought during 1998–2002. current study illustrates the flood conditions using multi-satellite data products derived Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) as well TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) satellites with high-quality resolution 2010–2014. To determine events, we used Vegetation Temperature Condition...

This study evaluated multiple aspects of flood risks and effects on the Cinan Feizuo protection area in Huaihe River basin. Flooding remains a leading problem for infrastructure, especially urban, residential areas region. Effective modeling urbanized floodplains is challenging, but MIKE (ID-2D) paramount analyzing quantifying risk vulnerable The Saint-Venant equation one-dimensional (1D) 11 model were used to understand dynamics River, two-dimensional (2D) 21 was applied assess area. finite...

Over the last five decades, Pakistan experienced its worst drought from 1998 to 2002 and flood in 2010. This study determined record-breaking impacts of droughts (1998–2002) (2010) analyzed given 12-year period, especially follow-on period when winter wheat crop was grown. We identified drought, flood, warm cold edges over plain Punjab based on a time series (2003–2014), using vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI) approach Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)...

Previously, the types of impacts land–atmosphere interactions have scarcely been clarified systematically. In this article, we present a classification these based on modeling boundary layer variables/parameters, which is grouped into local, regional, and remote impacts. narrow sense, land surface processes (LSPs) influence atmospheric state via vertical coupling at local scales, referred to as LSP However, can lead advection effect due horizontal heterogeneity in parameters over region, be...

Aims:The objectives were to evaluate the phosphate solubilization efficiency of different Thiobacilli strains and find out best combination sulfur for enhancing bio-available P in soil.