Study objectivesTo examine and compare the efficacy safety of salmeterol xinafoate, a long-acting inhaledβ 2-adrenergic agonist, with inhaled ipratropium bromide placebo in patients COPD.DesignA stratified, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial.SettingMultiple sites at clinics university medical centers throughout United States.PatientsFour hundred eleven symptomatic COPD FEV1 ≤ 65% predicted no clinically significant concurrent...

A rapid assay to determine antifungal activity in plant extracts and essential oils is described. Wells microtiter plates were loaded with Botrytis cinerea spores or oils. Subsequent changes optical density following spore germination the wells was measured after 24 h using an automatic plate reader driven by a software program developed for this purpose. Extracts from 345 plants 49 evaluated their against B. cinerea. Among analyzed, 13 showed high levels of activity, species Allium Capsicum...

Losses are generally determined at a single point in the postharvest food pipeline and accumulated losses while is being transported processed seldom calculated. We fail to consider disease grocery stores, restaurants, fast outlets, kitchens. Also, nutritional value quality of overlooked. In less de­ veloped countries, even greater because lack adequate refrigeration poor sanitation. Worldwide, postharve st have been estimated be 50% harvested crop (20) much this due rots caused by...

How plants adapt to freezing temperatures and acclimate survive the formation of ice within their tissues has been a subject study for botanists plant scientists since latter part 19th century. In recent years, there an explosion information on this topic molecular biology provided new exciting opportunities better understand genes involved in cold adaptation, response environmental stress general. Despite exponential increase our understanding tolerance, hardiness manner that allows one...

The relationship between secondary metabolism and infection in pathogenic fungi has remained largely elusive. genus Penicillium comprises a group of plant pathogens with varying host specificities the ability to produce wide array metabolites. genomes three expansum strains, main postharvest pathogen pome fruit, one Pencillium italicum strain, citrus were sequenced compared 24 other fungal species. A genomic analysis gene clusters responsible for production metabolites was performed....

High-throughput amplicon sequencing spanning conserved portions of microbial genomes (16s rRNA and ITS) was used in the present study to describe endophytic microbiota associated with three apple varieties, "Royal Gala," "Golden Delicious," "Honey Crisp," two rootstocks, M.9 M.M.111. The objectives were (1) determine if differs different rootstocks varieties (2) specific rootstock-scion combinations influence composition either component. Results indicated that Ascomycota (47.8%), Zygomycota...

While the environment is considered primary origin of plant microbiome, potential role seeds as a source transmitting microorganisms has not received much attention. Here we tested hypothesis that microbiome partially inherited through vertical transmission. An experimental culturing device was constructed to grow oak seedlings in microbe-free while keeping belowground and aboveground tissues separated. The microbial communities associated with acorn's embryo pericarp developing seeding's...

Although it is difficult to determine the full extent of postharvest losses due diseases, conservative estimates place fruits and vegetables from spoilage at ≈24% harvested crop in United States (U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 1965) 50% underdeveloped, tropical countries (Coursey Booth, 1972).Fungicides are a primary means controlling diseases (Eckert Ogawa, 1985).Their use worldwide variable, comprising 26% pesticide market Europe Asia 6% (Jutsum, 1988).However, as commonly treated with fungicides...

Dehydrins are glycine‐rich, hydrophilic, heat‐stable proteins and generally induced in response to a wide array of environmental stresses. In previous research (Artlip et al. 1997, Plant Molecular Biology 33: 61–70), full‐length dehydrin gene, ppdhn1 , was isolated from peach, its expression associated with qualitative quantitative differences cold hardiness sibling genotypes evergreen deciduous peach. Similar results were obtained for levels the corresponding 60 kDa peach protein (PCA60)....

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition in which continuous bronchodilation may have clinical advantages. This study evaluated salmeterol, β -agonist bronchodilator with duration of action substantially longer than that short-acting -agonists, compared ipratropium, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, and placebo patients COPD. Four hundred five COPD received either salmeterol 42 μ g twice daily, ipratropium bromide 36 four times or for 12 wk this randomized, double-blind,...

Interactions between Debaryomyces hansenii and Penicillium digitatum were studied in culture on fruit to better characterize the observed biological control of green mold grapefruit by yeast. The antagonist did not produce antibiotic substances was ineffective protecting against disease when killed heat or chemicals. Incidence dependent upon concentration both pathogen spores yeast cells. Control most effective at 10 9 cfu/mL D. hansenii. role available nutrients activity assessed....

Many studies have shown that correlation between clinical asthma status and asthma-specific quality of life is only weak to moderate. However, this relationship has never been explored determine whether the weakness due noise measurement or a distinct component health status. With database from three trials (n=763), factor analysis was used explore relationships life, measured by Asthma Quality Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), conventional measures (symptoms, airway calibre rescue β 2 ‐agonist...

Seasonal patterns of proteins and cold hardiness were characterized in bark xylem tissues genetically related (sibling) deciduous evergreen peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch). In contrast with trees, which entered endodormancy abscised leaves the fall, trees retained their exhibited shoot elongation under favorable environmental conditions. A successive increase was observed during fall both genotypes. This followed by a subsequent decrease from midwinter to spring. Xylem tissue genotypes...

▪ Objective: To compare the efficacy of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in treatment patients with Lyme disease associated erythema migrans. Design: Randomized, multicenter, investigatorblindedclinical trial clinical evaluations during (8 to 12 days) at 1 5 days 1, 3, 6, 9, months post-treatment. Setting: Three university referral centers one private practice. Patients: A total 123 physician-documentederythema Intervention: Patients were treated orally for 20 either axetil, 500 mg twice...

ABSTRACT During the infection of citrus fruit by Penicillium digitatum there is little evidence a host defense response. This suggests that P. has ability to suppress defenses. The current study demonstrates suppresses defense-related hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) burst in tissue. In contrast, nonhost pathogen, expansum, triggers production significant amount H(2)O(2) exocarp. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, we demonstrated suppressed an elevation up 42 h after inoculation....