Real-time temperature monitoring of li-ion batteries is widely regarded within the both academic literature and by industrial community as being a fundamental requirement for reliable safe operation battery systems. This particularly evident larger format pouch cells employed in many automotive or grid storage applications. Traditional methods measurement, such inclusion individual sensors mounted at discrete locations on surface cell may yield incomplete information. In this study, novel...

Sidewall rupture of lithium-ion batteries plays an important role in thermal runaway (TR) propagation because flame burst from the side cell can directly heat adjacent cells. However, understanding sidewall high specific energy cells under mechanical abuse conditions remains limited. In this work, nail penetration is adopted as a trigger method TR 21700-format cylindrical with (257.0 W∙h/kg). The effects test parameters including diameter, speed, penetrating location, depth, and state charge...

To understand the relationship of sidewall rupture at different states charge (SOCs) cylindrical cells with high specific energy, this work presents results radial nail penetration tests 21700-format SOCs. The thermal runaway and behaviours were characterised by key performance indicators such as temperature, mass, fire behaviour, voltage change. In addition, released gases from a subset measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. change in internal structure another after test...

Electric vehicle (EV) powertrains consist of power electronic components as well electric machines to manage the energy flow between different powertrain subsystems and deliver necessary torque requirements at wheels. These can generate undesired electrical harmonics on direct current (DC) bus powertrain. This may lead on-board battery being subjected DC superposed with undesirable high- low- frequency oscillations, known ripples. From real-world measurements, significant perturbations...

Existing validation methods for equivalent circuit models (ECMs) do not capture the effects of operating lithium-ion cells over legislative drive cycles at low ambient temperatures. Unrealistic an ECM may often lead to reduced accuracy in electric vehicle range estimation. In this study, current and power are used illustrate different approaches validating ECMs when temperatures (−15 °C 25 °C). It was found that employing a current-based approach leads under-testing performance various...

Knowledge of accurate battery temperature is essential for enabling safe operation batteries in electrified vehicles application under aggressive drive profiles. Thermal modelling based on mere joule heating term usually unable to compensate resulting inaccuracy due neglecting entropic heat batteries. Inclusion effect into the thermal model derived from simple experiments can help estimate early design stage. This paper presents a lumped incorporating predict transient behaviors pouch cell...

Previous research has focused on the use of heat pumps in electric vehicles, with focus recuperating from, normally, ambient and one thermal source vehicle. Here 5 potential sources a vehicle have been identified thorough testing benefit each performed. The results presented suggest motor, storage device, cabin exhaust extraction should be used >80% time according to scenarios tested, while battery heating transmission subject conditions temperature drive cycle.

State-of-Charge (SOC) of a battery is one the most important parameters used by Battery Management System (BMS). It subsequently very for efficient functioning an electric/hybrid vehicle. Since, SOC derived quantity, it that algorithm, on which estimator based, robust and accurate. The algorithms developed thus far, different chemistries are dependent mainly current voltage data received from individual cells or entire battery. possible accurate SOC-estimation algorithm could be key to...

The performance of a Lithium-ion cell is strongly dependent on operating temperature. However, the measured temperature often obtained from thermocouples attached to surface cell. These measurements may not be representative internal especially for lower ambient temperatures and high C-rates. A novel method utilizing differential voltage predict 40 Ah pouch proposed. difference between external depends upon C-rate For continuous-rate discharge, difference, temperatures, rises at beginning...

Today’s market leading electric vehicles, driven on typical UK motorways, have real-world range estimation inaccuracy of up to 27%, at around 10 °C outside temperature. The worsens for city driving or lower reliability largely depends the accuracy battery’s underlying state estimators, e.g., state-of-charge and state-of-energy. This is affected by models embedded in battery management system. performance these fundamentally experimentally obtained parameterisation validation data. These...

Sidewall rupture of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway has an important influence on propagation for battery modules and safety-critical design decisions, especially in aerospace applications. To deepen the understanding sidewall cells with high specific energy, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis behaviour type 21700 cylindrical subjected to nail penetration at varying states charge (SOC). The behaviours were characterised by key performance indicators such as...

Lithiumion (Li-ion) batteries have become increasingly useful within the automotive industry and modern life applications due to high energy power densities. However, these suffer capacity loss different ageing mechanisms in various applications. Despite several existing models, lack of accurate predictability degradation limits advancement Li-ion batteries. The present work focuses on prediction battery using long-short term memory (LSTM) transfer learning neural network model. At first, a...

With the increasing market uptake of hybrid/electric vehicles, along with growing electrification transportation, battery safety is under worldwide scrutiny. Lithium-ion chemistries have become popular amongst manufacturers due to their superior performance and lifetime compared lead-acid/nickel-metal-hydride based chemistries. However, nature materials potential exothermic reactions, lithium-ion cells possess a high risk thermal runaway related hazards. In this study we aim investigate how...