During official shellfish control for the presence of marine biotoxins in Greece year 2012, a series unexplained positive mouse bioassays (MBA) lipophilic toxins with nervous symptomatology prior to mice death was observed mussels from Vistonikos Bay-Lagos, Rodopi. This atypical toxicity coincided (a) absence or low levels regulated and some non-regulated (b) simultaneous potentially toxic microalgal species Prorocentrum minimum at up 1.89 × 103 cells/L area's seawater. Further analyses by...

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is one of the most severe forms food poisoning. The toxins responsible for this are natural compounds, which cause arrest action potential propagation by binding to voltage-gated Na+ channels. Several standards PSP nowadays commercially available; however, there not accessible data on biological activity present and their in vivo toxicity. We have developed an vitro quantification method using cultured neurons compared potency commercial toxin system with...

Okadaic acid (OA) and the structurally related compounds dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine phycotoxins that cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans due to ingestion of contaminated shellfish. In order guarantee consumer protection, regulatory authorities have defined maximum level DSP toxins as 160 µg OA equivalent kg-1 meat. For risk assessment overall toxicity determination, knowledge relative toxicities each analogue is required. absence enough...

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) traditionally have been analyzed by liquid chromatography with either pre- or post-column derivatization and always a silica-based stationary phase. This technique resulted in different methods that need more than one run to analyze the toxins. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was recently found bivalves of northward locations Europe due climate change, so it is important along PST because their signs toxicity are similar bioassay. The described here detail...

The establishment of toxicity equivalent factors to develop alternative methods animal bioassays for marine-toxin detection is an urgent need in the field phycotoxin research. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) one most severe forms food poisoning. toxins responsible this type are highly toxic natural compounds produced by dinoflagellates, which bind voltage-gated Na+ channels causing blockade action potential propagation. In spite fact that several standards PSP currently commercially...

Current regulation for marine toxins requires a monitoring method based on mass spectrometric analysis. This is pre-targeted, hence after searching pre-assigned masses, it identifies those compounds that were pre-defined with available calibrants. Therefore, the scope detecting novel which are not included in protocol very limited. In addition to this, there poor comprehension of toxicity some toxin groups. Also, validity current approach questioned by lack sufficient calibrants, and...

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent alkaloids of microalgal and cyanobacterial origin, with worldwide distribution. Over the last 20 years, number poisoning incidents has declined as a result implementation legislation monitoring programs based on bivalves. In summer 2012 2013, we collected total 98 samples from 23 different species belonging to benthic subtidal organisms, such echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods. The sampling locations were Madeira, São Miguel Island...

The aim of this work was to develop a method purify large amounts spirolide toxins from cultures Alexandrium ostenfeldii. dinoflagellates grew in batches under controlled conditions salinity, light and temperature. Analysis the demonstrated existence neurotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning two spirolides, 13-desmethyl C 13,19-didesmethyl C. protocol designed presents several stages extraction, separation between spirolides toxins, cleanup solid-phase extraction. Finally,...

Abstract Marine toxins are a food safety concern worldwide. This review discusses current analytical methods for those that legally regulated in Europe, namely domoic acid, saxitoxin, okadaic yessotoxin, pectenotoxin and azaspiracids, all their analogues, not regularly monitored but threat to humans, such as tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxins cyclic imines. Because of legislative changes were implemented 2011, most required chromatographic. Saxitoxin acid by high-performance liquid chromatography...

Paralytic Shellfish Toxin blooms are common worldwide, which makes their monitoring crucial in the prevention of poisoning incidents. These toxins can be monitored by a variety techniques, including mouse bioassay, receptor binding assay, and liquid chromatography with either mass spectrometric or pre- post-column fluorescence detection. The oxidation detection method, used routinely our laboratory, has been shown to reliable method for paralytic shellfish mussel, scallop, oyster clam...

In 39 red wines from Galicia (NW Spain), some trace elements were determined by atomic spectroscopy. Data processed using multivariate chemometric techniques involving principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and K nearest neighbours to develop a typification for wine samples of Ribeira Sacra origin. The with Certified Brand Origin (CBO) can be differentiated the two other CBOs Galicia: Ribeiro Valdeorras. latter make same grape variety; hence they are possible substitutes...

The separation of PSP toxins using liquid chromatography with a post-column oxidation fluorescence detection method was performed different matrices. depends on several factors, and it is crucial to take into account the presence interfering matrix peaks produce good separation. are not always same, which significant issue when comes producing good, reliable results regarding resolution toxicity information. Different real shellfish matrices (mussel, scallop, clam oyster) were studied, seen...

Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish cause diarrheic poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 signs toxicity recorded up 24 h. Toxin distribution in the organs from gastrointestinal tract was assessed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)...

Thirty Holstein cows were arranged in a randomised block design for 287 days and fed rations of five forage systems: Italian ryegrass rotation with corn (S1), hybrid mixtures three legumes (S2) or sorghum (S3), red clover (S4), Perennial (S5) pastures. In systems S1, S2, S3, the remained barn throughout study period total mixed ration (TMR). 4 5, grazed pasture only at when grazing was not possible. All balanced low quantity concentrate forage/concentrate approximately 80/20. Feed intake,...