This paper uses the rollout of first Community Health Centers (CHCs) to study longer-term health effects increasing access primary care. Within ten years, CHCs are associated with a reduction in age-adjusted mortality rates 2 percent among those 50 and older. The implied 7 13 decrease one-year risk beneficiaries amounts 20 40 1966 poor/non-poor gap for this age group. Large 65 older suggest that increased care has benefits, even populations near universal insurance. (JEL H75, I12, I13, I18,...

We use novel, large-scale data on 17.5 million Americans to study how a policy-driven increase in economic resources affects children's long-term outcomes. Using the 2000 Census and 2001-13 American Community Survey linked Social Security Administration's NUMIDENT, we leverage county-level rollout of Food Stamps program between 1961 1975. find that children with access greater before age five have better outcomes as adults. The treatment-on-the-treated effects show 6% standard deviation...

We use administrative tax data to analyze the cumulative, long-run effects of California’s 2004 Paid Family Leave Act (CPFL) on women’s employment, earnings, and childbearing. A regression-discontinuity design exploits sharp increase in weeks paid leave available under law. find no evidence that CPFL increased boosted or encouraged childbearing, suggesting had little effect gender pay gap child penalty. For first-time mothers, we reduced employment earnings a decade after they gave birth....

The 1960s ushered in a new era US demographic history characterized by significantly lower fertility rates and smaller family sizes. What catalyzed these changes remains matter of considerable debate. This paper exploits idiosyncratic variation the language “Comstock” statutes, enacted late 1800s, to quantify role birth control pill this transition. Almost 50 years after contraceptive appeared on market, analysis provides evidence that it accelerated post-1960 decline marital fertility. (JEL...

Decades of research on the US gender gap in wages describes its correlates, but little is known about why women changed their career paths 1960s and 1970s. This paper explores role “the Pill” altering women's human capital investments ultimate implications for life-cycle wages. Using state-by-birth-cohort variation legal access, we show that younger access to Pill conferred an 8 percent hourly wage premium by age 50. Our estimates imply can account 10 convergence 1980s 30 1990s. (JEL J13,...

This paper reviews the literature in historical record linkage United States and examines performance of widely used record-linking algorithms common variations their assumptions. We use two high-quality, hand-linked data sets one synthetic ground truth to examine direct effects linking on quality. find that (i) no algorithm (including hand linking) consistently produces representative samples; (ii) 15 37 percent links chosen by are classified as errors trained human reviewers; (iii) false...

Late afternoon hospital discharges are thought to contribute admission bottlenecks, overcrowding, and increased length of stay (LOS). In January 2012, the discharge before noon (DBN) percentage on 2 medical units was 7%, below organizational goal 30%.To sustainably achieve a DBN rate 30% evaluate effect this intervention observed-to-expected (O/E) LOS 30-day readmission rate.Pre-/post-intervention retrospective analysis.Two acute care inpatient in an urban, academic center.All inpatients...

This paper evaluates the long-run effects of Head Start using large-scale, restricted administrative data. Using county rollout between 1965 and 1980 age-eligibility cutoffs for school entry, we find that generated large increases in adult human capital economic self-sufficiency, including a 0.65-year increase schooling, 2.7 percent high completion, an 8.5 college enrollment, 39 completion. These estimates imply sizable, long-term returns to investments means-tested, public preschool programs.

Journal Article More Power to the Pill: The Impact of Contraceptive Freedom on Women's Life Cycle Labor Supply Get access Martha J. Bailey University Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Quarterly Economics, Volume 121, Issue 1, February 2006, Pages 289–320, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/121.1.289 Published: 01 2006

Almost 50 years after domestic US family planning programs began, their effects on childbearing remain controversial. Using the county-level roll-out of these from 1964 to 1973, this paper reevaluates shorter and longer term fertility rates. I find that introduction is associated with significant persistent reductions in driven both by falling completed delay. Although federally funded accounted for a small portion post-baby boom decline, my estimates imply they reduced among poor women 19...

This paper assembles new evidence on some of the longer-term consequences U.S. family planning policies, defined in this as those increasing legal or financial access to modern contraceptives. The analysis leverages two large policy changes that occurred during 1960s and 1970s: first, interaction birth control pill's introduction with Comstock-era restrictions sale contraceptives repeal these laws after Griswold v. Connecticut 1965; second, expansion federal funding for local programs from...

We use natality microdata covering the universe of US. births for 2015 to 2021 and California from through February 2023 examine childbearing responses COVID-19 pandemic. find that 60% 2020 decline in US fertility rates was driven by sharp reductions foreign-born mothers although this group comprised only 22% all 2019. This started January 2020. In contrast, recession resulted an overall “baby bump” among US-born mothers, which marked first reversal declining since Great Recession. Births...

In the 1960s, two landmark statutes-the Equal Pay and Civil Rights Acts-targeted long-standing practice of employment discrimination against U.S. women. For next 15 years, gender gap in median earnings among full-time, full-year workers changed little, leading many scholars to conclude that legislation was ineffectual. This article revisits this conclusion using research designs, which leverage (i) cross-state variation preexisting state equal pay laws (ii) 1960 across...

We examine the hypothesis that advances in household technology caused US baby boom, and we find no support for this claim. Advances occurred before while fertility declined. From 1940 to 1960, levels/changes county-level appliance ownership electrification negatively predict rates. Exposure electricity early adulthood children-ever-born are correlated relevant cohorts. The Amish, who used modern technologies much less than other households, experienced a coincident boom. This evidence can...

Late afternoon hospital discharges are thought to contribute admission bottlenecks. We previously described an intervention that resulted in a statistically significant increase the discharge before noon (DBN) rate on 2 inpatient medicine units.To evaluate (1) effect of increased DBN arrival time and number admissions per hour (2) sustainability our initiative.Pre-/postintervention retrospective analysis.Two acute-care units tertiary care, urban, academic medical center.For analysis, all...

This paper uses the rollout of first Community Health Centers (CHCs) to study longer-term health effects increasing access primary care.Within ten years, CHCs are associated with a reduction in age-adjusted mortality rates 2 percent among those 50 and older.The implied 7 13 decrease one-year risk beneficiaries amounts 20 40 1966 poor/non-poor gap for this age group.Large 65 older suggest that increased care has benefits, even populations near universal insurance.

Martha J. Bailey (baileymj{at}umich.edu), Olga Malkova (o.malkova{at}uky.edu) and Zoë M. McLaren (zmclaren{at}umich.edu) is a Professor of Economics at the University Michigan, 611 Tappan Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. an Assistant Kentucky, Gatton College Business Economics, Lexington, KY 40502. Health Management Policy, School Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, M3166, 48109-2029.