Abstract Learning to program is difficult for novices, even those undergraduates who have majored in computer science. The study described this paper has investigated the effects of game strategy and preference‐matching on novice learners’ flow experience performance learning using an experiential gaming activity. One hundred fifteen novices participated experimental Two types were employed: matching‐challenging challenging strategy. Participants categorised into one or other two groups...

Future-generation wireless networks (5G and beyond) must accommodate surging growth in mobile data traffic support an increasingly high density of users involving a variety services applications. Meanwhile, the become dense, heterogeneous, decentralized, ad hoc nature, they encompass numerous diverse network entities. Consequently, different objectives, such as throughput low latency, need to be achieved terms service, resource allocation designed optimized accordingly. However, considering...

The TEL ( translocation–Ets–leukemia or ETV6 ) locus, which encodes an Ets family transcription factor, is frequently rearranged in human leukemias of myeloid lymphoid origins. By gene targeting mice, we previously showed that −/− mice are embryonic lethal because a yolk sac angiogenic defect. also appears essential for the survival selected neural and mesenchymal populations within embryo proper. Here, have generated mouse chimeras with ES cells to examine possible requirement adult...

In this paper, we present an analytical framework to evaluate the latency performance of connection-based spectrum handoffs in cognitive radio (CR) networks. During transmission period a secondary connection, multiple interruptions from primary users result and need predetermining set target channels for handoffs. To quantify effects channel obsolete issue on predetermination, should consider three key design features: 1) general service time distribution connections; 2) different operating...

Multitenant cellular network slicing has been gaining huge interest recently. However, it is not well-explored under the heterogeneous cloud radio access (H-CRAN) architecture. This paper proposes a dynamic scheme for multitenant H-CRANs, which takes into account tenants' priority, baseband resources, fronthaul and backhaul capacities, quality of service (QoS), interference. The framework consists an upper-level, manages admission control, user association, resource allocation; lower-level,...

Driven by the emerging use cases in massive access future networks, technological advancements and evolutions are needed for wireless communications beyond fifth-generation (5G) networks. In particular, we envisage that upcoming sixth-generation (6G) networks with numerous devices will demand extremely high-performance interconnections, even under strenuous scenarios such as diverse mobility, extreme density, dynamic environments. To cater to a demand, an investigation of flexible...

In this paper, we present an analytical framework to evaluate the effects of multiple spectrum handoffs on channel utilization and latency performances in cognitive radio (CR) networks. During transmission period a secondary connection, interruptions from primary users result handoffs. order decide target for each handoff resume unfinished transmission, wideband sensing is performed on-demand reactive manner. Although procedure can enhance utilization, prolonged due Thus, two fundamental...

In this paper, we present an analytical framework to design system parameters for load-balancing multiuser spectrum decision schemes in cognitive radio (CR) networks. Unlike the non-load-balancing methods that multiple secondary users may contend same channel, considered can distribute traffic loads of channels. Based on preemptive resume priority (PRP) M/G/1 queueing theory, a model is proposed evaluate effects interruptions from primary user during each link connection, sensing errors...

Augmented reality (AR) deepens learning interactions by imposing digital information on top of physical settings. This study implemented an AR-enhanced theme-based contextualized and aimed to examine the effects captions (non-caption, English caption Chinese caption) proficiency (less proficient proficient) junior high school students' effectiveness, motivation attitude. Six classes ninth-graders voluntarily participated in experimental sessions using tablets. A factorial design was...

In this letter, we consider the concept of mobile crowd-machine learning (MCML) for a federated model. The MCML enables devices in network to collaboratively train neural models required by server while keeping data on devices. thus addresses privacy issues traditional machine learning. However, are constrained energy, CPU, and wireless bandwidth. Thus, minimize energy consumption, training time, communication cost, needs determine proper amounts that use training. under dynamics uncertainty...

The dense deployment of small cells in 5G cellular networks raises the issue controlling downlink inter-cell interference under time-varying channel states. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning based power control scheme to suppress and save energy for ultra-dense cells. This enables base stations schedule transmit without knowing distribution states neighboring A deep algorithm is designed further accelerate with large number active users. Analytical convergence performance...

Typically, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use limited-capacity batteries that cannot be recharged or replaced. In general, designing an energy-efficient routing protocol has a significant impact on prolonging the network lifetime. this article, novel distributed 2-hop cluster-routing (D2CRP) is introduced to achieve energy efficiency in WSNs. cluster formation phase, each node obtains information of its neighbor nodes within range form fully manner. The transmission distance and residual...

Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles with RIS (UAV–RIS) can offer ubiquitous deployment services in communication-disabled areas, but is limited by the on-board energy of UAVs. In this paper, a novel harvesting (EH) scheme on top UAV–RIS system, called EH-RIS scheme, developed for next generation high performance wireless system. The proposed extends simultaneous information and power transfer (SWIPT) system splitting passive reflected arrays geometric space transporting simultaneously....

In this paper, we present a cross-layer analytical framework to jointly investigate antenna diversity and multiuser scheduling under the generalized Nakagami fading channels. We derive unified capacity formula for system with different multiple-input multiple-output schemes, including: 1) selective transmission/selective combining (ST/SC); 2) maximum ratio transmission/maximum (MRT/MRC); 3) ST/MRC; 4) space-time block codes (STBC). Our results lead following four observations regarding...

Abstract Germinal centers (GCs) form in B cell follicles and require specific signals for development maintenance. cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) is a fundamental survival therefore may influence GC reactions subsequent Ab responses. To test this possibility, effect of BAFF neutralization immunized mice was assessed. Using maturation Ag-Fc, we demonstrate that blockade does not inhibit formation or somatic hypermutation. However, GCs Ag-Fc-treated dissipated more...

In this paper, we will investigate the spectrum handoff schemes for cognitive radio networks. Spectrum occurs when primary users appear and secondary are using particular user's licensed channel. We compare two major types of schemes. One is reactive-sensing handoff, where target channel selected or sensed only after request made. The other one proactive-sensing which predetermined. advantage reactive accuracy channel, but pay cost sensing time. By contrast, proactive avoid time,...

Spectrum handoff occurs when the primary users appear in licensed band occupied by secondary users. procedures aim to help vacate spectrum and find suitable target channel resume unfinished transmission. In this paper, we discuss how select channels minimize total service time with multiple handoffs. We propose a preemptive priority (PRP) M/G/1 queueing network model evaluate for various selections. Then, suggest low-complexity greedy algorithm channels. Numerical results show that scheme...

This paper investigates how to characterize the effect of multiple spectrum handoff delay on extended data delivery time secondary users' connections in cognitive radio (CR) networks. Whenever a primary user appears, procedures are initiated for interrupted users. Through sensing, can reactively decide target channel resume its unfinished transmission. Clearly, many interruptions from users will result handoffs, thereby increase connection. In this paper, we develop Markov transition model...

Despite its low-complexity, the zero-forcing receiver is known to suffer from noise enhancement restore spatially multiplexed data in a single-user MI MO system. Nevertheless, multiuser system, poor-channel avoidance property of scheduling technique provides natural way overcome drawback (Heath et al., 2001). In this paper, we present an analytical framework evaluate performance operating MIMO system with user scheduling. Using order statistics technique, derive closed-form expressions for...

Abstract A nanocomposite of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was prepared with graphene sheets (GSs), which are a novel filler by solution method. The structure‐properties relationships PVDF/GSs nanocomposites were studied. results differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction show that addition GSs to the PVDF matrix promotes an α phase β transformation polymer crystal. exhibit significant increases in dynamic mechanical properties thermal stability compared neat PVDF. In...

This paper thoroughly explores the fundamental interactions between cell association, load, and throughput in a green (energy-efficient) small network which all base stations form homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) of intensity λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> users another independent PPP xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∪</sub> . Cell voidness, usually disregarded due to rarity cellular modeling, is...

In this article, we present a brief survey on green 5G cellular networks, and explore some research issues challenges of the enabling techniques for broadband wireless networks. The trend achieving power in networks is driving network operators standardization authorities to work together reduce carbon footprint their products order bring eco friendly radio base stations. We will first provide an overview system architecture corresponding new protocol stacks. Next, hybrid multiple access...