Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) in Pinus. It a quarantine organism European Union (Directive 77/93, EEC) and an impediment to international trade forest products. A pest risk analysis for B. its vectors genus Monochamus territories concluded that, due frequent occurrence susceptible hosts Europe presence suitable insect vectors, PWD couldhave important economicandecolog

Abstract: Transmission of the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Bührer) Nickle to Pinus pinaster Aiton branches through feeding wounds its vector in Portugal, Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier, was studied under laboratory conditions. All B. ‐infected beetles transmitted nematodes they fed. The transmission more frequent during first 6 weeks after emergence, with peaks second and sixth week. adult M. for a mean 5 weeks, independently beetle's sex or...

Summary The pinewood nematode ( PWN ), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. This species has been reported from United States America and Asia associated with important forestry tree species, including pine, spruce, fir, larch other conifers. However, in Europe, devastating epidemics centred Portugal's mainland, most recent detections Madeira Island Spain were restricted to Pinus pinaster alone. During 2013 national survey, wilted nigra trees, central region...

The detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Pinus pinaster trees Portugal 1999 led the official services to implement exceptional and urgent control measures prevent spread pest. Because pest is vector‐transmitted, special attention was paid insects associated with infested trees. A survey comprising 21 species insects, from six families, a total 1367 specimens, made order evaluate their possible role as vectors nematode Portugal. Five insect were found carry other spp., but only...

Abstract Feeding and oviposition preferences of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Monochamini), the vector pine wilt nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner Bührer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), in Portugal, was studied three laboratory experiments: an adult feeding preference trial between branches five pines, a no‐choice experiment on seven conifer bolts, choice maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Aiton, four other P. pinea L., sylvestris...

The pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) is the vector of introduced wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Bührer) Nickle in Portugal, and until recently was considered a secondary forest insect. Under laboratory conditions, study biological reproductive traits 37 insect pairs conducted. longevity both sexes similar, being 61.2+/-6.5 days for males 64.0+/-6.3 females (mean+/-SE). Sixteen small-sized insects (22% population) died within 20 before starting to...

Abstract Insects associated with maritime pine, Pinus pinaster , in Portugal were collected and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species. Nematodes identified using Internal Transcribed Spacers‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS‐RFLP) analysis dauer juveniles morphological identification adults that developed from on fungal cultures or pine wood segments at 26°C. Several associations are described: teratospicularis sexdentati Orthotomicus erosus ; tusciae B. and/or...

Abstract Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive pest of pines. When introduced accidentally into a new geographic area, it will share the same ecological niche as closely related indigenous species, B. mucronatus. Competition between native and species may affect spread so we investigated possible competitive interaction these two nematode transmitted by insect-vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis. In order to understand how interacted, compared, under laboratory conditions, their growth...

Survival and development of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode) was studied for up to 40 weeks in Pinus pinaster sawn branches: 30 boards (1200 × 100 25 mm), long‐blocks 95 10 pine branches with bark nine without mm long). The nematode found all materials through the entire sampling period, higher abundance (boards long‐blocks). In initial period B. reproduced abundantly a population peak detected at 8–12 weeks. Subsequently, populations declined became dominated by third‐stage...

Abstract: The pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis is the vector of introduced wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and has a fixed univoltine life cycle, overwintering as larvae inside wood. We investigated possibility existence phase winter dormancy affecting larvae, its induction termination under controlled conditions incidence field. In laboratory, majority newly hatched which were maintained at constant temperature 23°C different photoperiods became dormant <70...

Transmission of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) by the oviposition Monochamus galloprovincialis was studied in Portugal. Female insects laid eggs on 77% pine bolts laboratory, which 37% became infected with PWN, a mean 290 nematodes. Inside PWN affected zone 50 P. pinaster trap-trees were created between May and September 2001 2002, 29 colonised M. only four nematode. The low transmission efficiency detected both laboratory field suggests that nematode through vector’s activity may be...

The parasitoid complex associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier), vector of the pine wood nematode, is discussed. Four species family Braconidae and one Ichneumonidae were found in Portugal, namely Atanycolus denigrator (Linnaeus), ivanowi (Kokujev), Cyanopterus flavator (Fabricius), Doryctes striatellus (Nees) (Braconidae), Xorides depressus (Holmgren) (Ichneumonidae). ivanowi, denigrator, are new for Portugal fauna, recorded as a host depressus. A key determination...

The risks of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode) transfer in relation to material were assessed. Combinations infested and non‐infested adjacent boards, long‐blocks blocks Pinus pinaster , simulating assembled pallets, For the recipient wood, pieces with natural moisture content (MC), heat‐treatment (56°C for 30 min core) kiln‐drying <20% MC tested, along in‐service boards from pallets. Donor materials kept direct contact at 25°C or 10°C, nine replicates per treatment. was...

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of most destructive diseases in trees genus Pinus and responsible for significant environmental economic losses North America, Eastern Asia, Western Europe. However, pine species are not equally affected, with some being tolerant/resistant while others susceptible to infection reasons still unclear. The present study aims investigate differential chemical responses shortly after characterizing...

Aspects of the interaction between pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934) Nickle 1970 (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchidae) and its vector, pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier 1795) were studied in Portugal, only region where two species coexist. It was found that, January July, third stage dispersal juveniles (J 3 ) most abundant B life stages on wood general near insect larval galleries pupal chambers with pupae. On callow adults, J 4 larvae...

The use of multiple sampling areas in landscape genetic analysis has been recognized as a useful way generalizing the patterns environmental effects on organism gene flow. It reduces variability inference which can be substantially affected by scale study area and its geographic location. However, empirical studies rarely consider due to effort required. In this study, we explored features flow flying long-horned beetle ( Monochamus galloprovincialis ) using genetics approach. To account for...