The appearance of molecular replicators (molecules that can be copied) was probably a critical step in the origin life. However, parasitic would take over and have prevented life from taking off unless were compartmentalized reproducing protocells. Paradoxically, control protocell reproduction seem to require evolved replicators. We show here simpler population structure, based on cycles transient compartmentalization (TC) mixing RNA replicators, is sufficient prevent takeover by mutants. TC...

Physiological integration between ramets has been observed in several clonal plant species. But consequences of on the competitive ability and spatial development genets have received little attention so far. This study is an attempt to examine population- community-level implications a spatially explicit model. We simulated different resource patterns cellular automata, varying proportion (p) size (s) resource-rich patches average level area (h). compared efficiency integrator splitter...

• Plants must cope with environmental variation in space and time. Phenotypic plasticity allows them to adjust their form function small-scale variations habitat quality. Empirical studies have shown that stoloniferous plants can exploit heterogeneous habitats through plastic ramet specialization internal resource exchange (division of labour). Here we present a spatially explicit simulation model explore costs benefits spatio-temporally environments. We investigated the performance three...

If chemical A is necessary for the synthesis of more A, then has power replication (such systems are known as autocatalytic systems). We provide first systems-level analysis searching small-molecular components in metabolisms diverse organisms, including an inferred minimal metabolism. find that intermediary metabolism invariably ATP. Furthermore, we evidence existence additional, organism-specific metabolites forms coenzymes (NAD+, coenzyme tetrahydrofolate, quinones) and sugars. Although...

It is well‐known that dispersal advantageous in many different ecological situations, e.g. to survive local catastrophes where populations live spatially and temporally heterogeneous habitats. However, the key question, what kind of strategy optimal a particular situation, has remained unanswered. We studied evolution density‐dependent coupled map lattice model, population dynamics are perturbed by external environmental noise. used very flexible function enable select from practically all...

Although social structure is known to promote cooperation, by locally exposing selfish agents their own deeds, studies date assumed that all have access the same level of resources. This clearly unrealistic. Here we find cooperation can be maintained when some more resources than others. Cooperation then emerge even in populations which temptation defect so strong players would act fully selfishly if were distributed uniformly. Resource heterogeneity thus crucial for emergence and...

Something is wrong with science as there an increasing amount of unreliable, manipulated and outright faked results appearing in the literature. Here I argue that this a direct consequence pay-structure assessment system employed academia it could be remedied by changing hiring, advancement, funding criteria. Scientists are paid below average relative to their level education, unless they at top or can secure grants allow for higher salaries. Positions mostly awarded based on bibliometric...

The RNA world is a very likely interim stage of the evolution after first replicators and before advent genetic code translated proteins. Ribozymes are known to be able catalyze many reaction types, including cofactor-aided metabolic transformations. In metabolically complex world, early division labor between genes enzymes could have evolved, where ribozymes would been transcribed from more often than other way round, benefiting encapsulating cells through this dosage effect. Here we show,...

Time to acceptance from submission and time publication (publication lag) determines how quickly novel information is made available other scientists experts. In the medical field, review process revisions usually takes 3–4 months; total 8–9 months. During COVID-19 pandemic, should be much faster. The analysis of 833 documents published on SARS-CoV-2 prior 19 March 2020 shows that these times shrunk by a factor ten. median was three days for all publications, six research papers reviews,...

Today the documentation of natural heritage with scientific methods but for conservation practice – like mapping actual vegetation becomes more and important. For this purpose guides containing only names descriptions types are not sufficient. Instead, new, mapping-oriented classification systems handbooks needed. There different standardised fitted to characteristics a region already published used successfully surveying large territories. However, detailed aims steps their elaboration is...

The spatial variability of species composition was studied in perennial sand grasslands Hungary at multiple scales. Three sites were compared along an aridity gradient. Existing differences climate this ca. 200 km gradient correspond to regional changes predicted for the next 20-30 years. Six stands Festucetum vaginatae selected each site within 400 x 1200 m areas representing coarse-scale within-site heterogeneity. Fine-scale compositional heterogeneity vegetation sampled by recording...

The snowdrift (or chicken) game emerges as a new paradigm in the study of nonkin cooperation animals. Many situations, for example, cooperative hunting, group foraging, territorial defense, predator watching, or parental care, can be adequately described game. In this paper, we investigate asynchronous version which, contrary to rather unrealistic assumption simultaneous moves, one players acts first and other responds by knowing its decision. Players are assigned second movers randomly with...

Major evolutionary transitions as well the evolution of codes life are key elements in macroevolution which characterized by increase complexity ensues a transition individuality and novel mode using, transmitting or storing information. Here is where enter picture: they arbitrary mappings between different (mostly) molecular species. This flexibility allows information to be employed variety ways, can fuel innovation. The collation list major show clear pattern: evolved prior then played...