Adult milking cow movements occurring in monthly periods 2004-2006 were analysed to compare three network analysis measures determine the lower and upper bounds of potential maximal epidemic size an unrestrained epidemic: out-degree, infection chain or output domain a farm, strong weak components. The directed networks generated by adult cows highly fragmented. When all farms that not involved shipments included analysis, risk transmission through was very low. To when infected farm shipped...

Elucidating the role of prokaryotic symbionts in mediating host physiology has emerged as an important area research. Since oysters are world's most heavily cultivated bivalve molluscs, numerous studies have applied molecular techniques to understand taxonomic and functional diversity their associated bacteria. Here, we expand on this research by assessing composition putative profiles communities from different organs/compartments black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, a...

Abstract Coral microbiomes are critical to holobiont functioning, but much remains be understood about how prevailing environment and host genotype affect microbial communities in ecosystems. Resembling human identical twin studies, we examined bacterial community differences of naturally occurring fire coral clones within between contrasting reef habitats assess the relative contribution microbiome structure. Bacterial composition differed habitats, highlighting environment. Similarly, a...

Social networks analysis (SNA) has recently been used in veterinary epidemiology to study livestock movements. A network is obtained by considering holdings as nodes a and movements among links nodes. enables the of whole, exploring all relationships pairs farms. Highly connected can be identified, which help surveillance disease prevention activities. Observed movement various countries have shown an important level contact heterogeneity clustering (topological, not necessarily geographical...

SUMMARY Simulation models can offer valuable insights into the effectiveness of different control strategies and act as important decision support tools when comparing evaluating outbreak scenarios strategies. An international modelling study was performed to compare a range vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Modelling groups from five countries (Australia, New Zealand, USA, UK, The Netherlands) participated study. Vaccination is increasingly being recognized potentially tool FMD,...

The first North American outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) involving a virus Eurasian A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) lineage began in the Fraser Valley British Columbia, Canada late November 2014. A total 11 commercial and 1 non-commercial (backyard) operations were infected before was terminated. Control measures included movement restrictions that placed on 404 individual premises, 150 which located within 3 km radius an premise(s) (IP). complete epidemiological...

Abstract Dispersal is a critical process for the persistence and productivity of marine populations. For many reef species, there increasing evidence that local demography self‐recruitment have major consequences on their genetic diversity adaptation to environmental change. Yet empirical data dispersal patterns in reef‐building species remain scarce. Here, we document first estimates distances free‐spawning invertebrate, hydrocoral Millepora cf. platyphylla . Using twelve microsatellite...

Abstract AIMS: To describe results of a relative validation exercise using the three simulation models foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in use by quadrilateral countries (QUADS; Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United States America; USA). METHODS: A hypothetical population farms was constructed and, following introduction an FMD-like into single farm, spread simulated each FMD used QUADS countries. series 11 scenarios developed to systematically evaluate key processes transmission control...

A study was carried out to determine endo and ecto-parasites in Matebeleland North South from free range chickens (Gallus domesticus). Only adult were selected for determination of parasite. For intestinal parasites microscopic studies of eggs faecal egg counts done using the salt floatation technique. The encountered the Tetrameres americana, Acuaria hamulosa, Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, H. dispar, Allodapa suctoria, Capillaria annulate, Raillietina echinobothrida R....

Coral reefs across the world are undergoing rapid deterioration, and understanding ecological evolutionary processes that govern these ecosystems is critical to our ability protect them. Molecular studies have been instrumental in advancing such understanding, while initially focused primarily on broad-scale patterns, they gradually uncovered prevalence of local genetic structuring. Genome-wide sequencing approaches provided new opportunities understand both neutral adaptive contributions...

The insulin signaling pathway (ISP) has a key role in major physiological events like carbohydrate metabolism and growth regulation. ISP been well described vertebrates few invertebrate model organisms but remains largely unexplored non-model invertebrates. This study is the first detailed genomic of this crustacean species, Daphnia pulex. pulex draft genome sequence assembly was scanned for components with special attention to insulin-like receptor. Twenty three putative genes are reported....

Researchers from Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States collaborated to validate their foot mouth disease models--AusSpread, InterSpread Plus North American Animal Disease Spread Model--in an effort build confidence in use as decision-support tools. The final stage of this project involved using three models simulate a number outbreak scenarios, with data Republic Ireland. scenarios included uncontrolled epidemic, epidemics managed by combinations stamping out vaccination....

Linear infrastructures are known to facilitate the spread of undesirable species in ecosystems. Compared with other types infrastructure, role power line rights-of-way (ROWs) as dispersal vectors remains poorly understood, especially regard peatlands. The aim our study was evaluate their impacts on vegetation ombrotrophic (bog) and minerotrophic (fen) communities within adjacent ROWs were sampled 23 bogs 11 fens southern Québec. In fens, invasive found abundance along first 250 m ROWs, while...

Clonal populations are often characterized by reduced levels of genotypic diversity, which can translate into lower numbers functional phenotypes, both impede adaptation. Study partially clonal animals enables examination the environmental settings under reproduction is favoured. Here, we gathered and phenotypic information from 3,651 georeferenced colonies fire coral Millepora platyphylla in five habitats with different hydrodynamic regimes Moorea, French Polynesia. In upper slope where...

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic disease typical of cattle. Nonetheless, it can affect many mammals including humans, making one the most widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide. In industrialized countries, main pathways introduction bTB into herd are animal trade and contact with infected wildlife. addition, for slow-spreading long latent period such as bTB, shared seasonal pastures might be between-herd transmission pathway, indeed farmers unknowingly...

Quantifying the genetic diversity in natural populations is crucial to address ecological and evolutionary questions. Despite recent advances whole-genome sequencing, microsatellite markers have remained one of most powerful tools for a myriad population approaches. Here, we used 454 sequencing technique develop loci fire coral Millepora platyphylla , an important reef-builder Indo-Pacific reefs . We tested cross-species amplification these five other species genus analysed its success...

While the fire coral Millepora platyphylla is an important component of Indo-Pacific reefs, where it thrives in a wide range environments, ecological and biological processes driving its distribution population structure are not well understood. Here, we quantified this species' five habitats with contrasting hydrodynamic regimes Moorea, French Polynesia; two fore reef: mid upper slopes, three lagoon: back, fringing patch reefs. A total 3651 colonies corals were mapped measured over 45,000...