Class III HD-ZIP and KANADI gene family members have complementary expression patterns in the vasculature their gain-of-function loss-of-function mutants vascular phenotypes. This suggests that of two families are involved establishment spatial arrangement phloem, cambium xylem. In this study, we investigated role these tissue differentiation, particular interactions with plant hormone auxin. We analyzed plants altered levels transcription factors provascular cells. Removal either or...

ABSTRACT The prevalence of ticks infected by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato on birds during their migrations was studied in Switzerland. A total 1,270 captured at two sites were examined for tick infestation. Ixodes ricinus the dominant species. Prevalences infestation 6% and 18.2% migrating northward southward, respectively. valaisiana species detected most frequently ticks, followed garinii lusitaniae . Among infested 23% (6/26) B. -infected larvae. Migratory appear to be reservoir hosts

Abstract Photosynthetic activity is established during chloroplast biogenesis. In this study we used 680 nm red light to overexcite Photosystem II and disrupt photosynthesis in two conditional mutants ( var2 abc1k1 ) which reversibly arrested During biogenesis, chloroplasts import most proteins associated with photosynthesis. Some of these must be inserted or transported across the thylakoid membrane into lumen. They are synthesized cytoplasm cleavable targeting sequences lumenal ones have...

We developed an efficient molecular method for the identification of bloodmeal sources in tick Ixodes ricinus (L.), European vector agents Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. An approximately 145-bp orthologous fragment vertebrate mitochondrial 12S rDNA was used as a marker to discriminate host species. The consists single run polymerase chain reaction amplification by using nondegenerate primers followed reverse line blot hybridization assay specific oligonucleotide probes....

To evaluate the importance of vertebrate species as tick hosts and reservoir in two endemic areas for Lyme borreliosis Switzerland, we applied molecular methods analysis bloodmeal source Borrelia infection questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks. In total, 1326 ticks were simultaneously analyzed blood meal remnants by using reverse line blot. An overall prevalence 19.0% was recorded sp., with similar rates both sites. Using a newly developed method ofbloodmeal targeting 12S rDNA mitochondrial gene,...

Light absorbed by chlorophylls of Photosystems II and I drives oxygenic photosynthesis. Light-harvesting complexes increase the absorption cross-section these photosystems. Furthermore, play a central role in photoprotection dissipating excess light energy an inducible regulated fashion. In higher plants, main light-harvesting complex is trimeric LHCII. this work, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout five genes encoding LHCB1, which major component absence accumulation other LHCII isoforms was...

Questing Ixodes ricinus ticks were sampled monthly along a north-facing altitudinal gradient in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, from March 2004 to February 2005. Tick density and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato monitored. Ticks collected by flagging vegetation at three different altitudes (750 m, 880 1020 m above sea level). examined for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed reverse line blot. At altitudes, questing tick activity was not observed under 10°C reduced when...

Questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks were collected monthly from 2003 to 2005 on the north- and south-facing slopes of Chaumont Mountain in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, at altitudes varying 620 1,070 m. On slope, questing tick density was higher than north-facing it decreased with altitude. Density tended increase altitude slope. Saturation deficit values 10 mmHg lasting for >2 mo often recorded explaining seasonal patterns activity. The overall prevalence Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 22.4%,...

To evaluate the importance of vertebrate species as tick hosts and reservoir in two endemic areas for Lyme borreliosis Switzerland, we applied molecular methods analysis bloodmeal source Borrelia infection questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks. In total, 1,326 ticks were simultaneously analyzed blood meal remnants by using reverse line blot. An overall prevalence 19.0% was recorded sp., with similar rates both sites. Using a newly developed method targeting 12S rDNA mitochondrial gene,...

Carotenoids play an essential role in light harvesting and protection from excess light. During chloroplast senescence carotenoids are released their binding proteins eventually metabolized. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) is involved carotenoid breakdown senescing leaf desiccating seed, part of the proteome plastoglobules (PG), which thylakoid-associated lipid droplets. Here, we demonstrate that CCD4 functionally active PG. Leaves Arabidopsis thaliana ccd4 mutants constitutively...

The tick Ixodes ricinus (Linné, 1758) is known as the vector of various Babesia spp. pathogenic for humans. In Switzerland, three them, divergens, venatorum (also EU1), and microti, have been reported in I. ticks from areas. aim here was to determine how frequently these species infect nymphs a suburban forest their prevalence over 3 years along pathway delimited four different sections. detected identified 44/2568 (1.7%) using Reverse Line Blot. B. infecting 1.1% (27/2568) nymphs, divergens...

Questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks were collected monthly from 2003 to 2005 on the north- and south-facing slopes of Chaumont Mountain in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, at altitudes varying 620 1,070 m. On slope, questing tick density was higher than north-facing it decreased with altitude. Density tended increase altitude slope. Saturation deficit values 10 mmHg lasting for >2 mo often recorded explaining seasonal patterns activity. The overall prevalence Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 22.4%,...

1. Heyman P, Cochez C, Hofhuis A, van der Giessen J, Sprong H, Porter SR, Losson B, Saegerman Donoso-Mantke O, Niedrig M, Papa A. A clear and present danger: tick-borne diseases in Europe. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010; 8(1): 33–50. CrossRef Google Scholar

Game-theoretical models help us understand how and when cooperation can evolve persist. However, current fall short of explaining the striking amount variation in levels that we observe nature, even within a system. For example, an animal's ability to choose partners with which interact explain maintenance cooperative interactions, but not among individuals similar partner choice options. Here, explored options other key traits predict quality service provided by cleaner fish, Labroides...

<title>Abstract</title> Photosynthetic activity is established during chloroplast biogenesis, but whether photosynthesis itself required for biogenesis has not been clarified. In this study we use 680nm red light to overexcite Photosystem II and disrupt in two conditional mutants (var2 abc1k1) which reversibly arrests biogenesis. During their chloroplasts import most proteins associated with photosynthesis. Some of these must be transported further across the thylakoid membrane into lumen by...

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands nucleus-encoded proteins into plastid. The these depends on translocon at outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) chloroplast membranes. TOC TIC complexes are multimeric probably contain yet unknown components. One main goals in field is to establish complete inventory For isolation TOC-TIC identification new components, preprotein receptor TOC159 has been modified N-terminally by addition tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag resulting...

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands nucleus-encoded proteins into plastid.The these depends on translocon at outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) chloroplast membranes.The TOC TIC complexes are multimeric probably contain yet unknown components.One main goals in field is to establish complete inventory components.For isolation TOC-TIC identification new components, preprotein receptor TOC159 has been modified N-terminally by addition tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag...

Abstract Light absorbed by chlorophylls of photosystem II and I drives oxygenic photosynthesis. Light-harvesting complexes increase the absorption cross-section these photosystems. Furthermore, play a central role in photoprotection dissipating excess light energy an inducible regulated fashion. In higher plants, main light-harvesting complex is trimeric LHCII. this work, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout five genes encoding LHCB1, which major component absence LHCB1 accumulation other LHCII...