A5020110569- Marine animal studies overview
- Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
- Marine and fisheries research
- Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems
- Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Cryospheric studies and observations
- Avian ecology and behavior
- Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
- Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
- Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications
- Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Maritime Navigation and Safety
- Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Aerospace Engineering and Energy Systems
- Underwater Acoustics Research
- Cephalopods and Marine Biology
- Ichthyology and Marine Biology
- Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Sports Performance and Training
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Isotope Analysis in Ecology
- Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies
- Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
University of St Andrews
2014-2024
Sands
2012-2020
Oceanography Society
2016
Natural Environment Research Council
1989-2011
University of California, Santa Cruz
2010
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center
2010
Sonoma State University
2010
British Antarctic Survey
1979-1996
Harvard University
1979-1982
Duke University
1977
Southern elephant seals ( Mirounga leonina ) are among the most proficient of mammalian divers and a major component Antarctic food web. Yet little is known their movements or interaction with oceanic environment. Specially designed satellite-link data loggers allowed us to visualize 3-D as they swam rapidly from South Georgia distant (up 2650 km) areas continental shelf. One seal dived continuously sea bed in one small area for month, implying consumption benthic prey. Dives here were...
Management and conservation of populations animals requires information on where they are, why are there, else could be. These objectives typically approached by collecting data the animals' use space, relating these positional to prevailing environmental conditions employing resulting statistical models predict usage at other geographical regions. Technical advances in wildlife telemetry have accomplished manifold increases amount quality available data, creating need for a framework that...
A simple one-step procedure that eliminates the need to calibrate O2 analyzer or measure flow past animal is described for calibrating an open-flow respirometry system. The technique particularly useful situations of high ambient humidity and large active animals where a mask employed capture expired gases. measured N2 used equations describing are given, accuracy method discussed in detail. errors associated with compared those more conventional procedures usually smaller.
ABSTRACT This is the nal paper in our series examining link between energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this kinetic energy limbs body relative to centre mass (EKE,tot two) combined with potential plus (ECM,tot three) obtain total mechanical (excluding elastic energy) an animal during constant average-speed The minimum mass-specific power required muscles tendons maintain observed oscillations energy, Ėtot/Mb, can be described by one equation : where Ėtot/Mb W kg−1 vg m...
Responses by marine top predators to environmental variability have previously been almost impossible observe directly. By using animal-mounted instruments simultaneously recording movements, diving behavior, and in situ oceanographic properties, we studied the behavioral physiological responses of southern elephant seals spatial throughout their circumpolar range. Improved body condition Atlantic sector was associated with Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling regions within Antarctic Current,...
Animal telemetry is a powerful tool for observing marine animals and the physical environments that they inhabit, from coastal continental shelf ecosystems to polar seas open oceans. Satellite-linked biologgers networks of acoustic receivers allow be reliably monitored over scales tens meters thousands kilometres, giving insight into their habitat use, home range size, phenology migratory patterns biotic abiotic factors drive distributions. Furthermore, environmental variables can collected...
Abstract In the Southern Ocean, wide‐ranging predators offer opportunity to quantify how animals respond differences in environment because their behavior and population trends are an integrated signal of prevailing conditions within multiple marine habitats. elephant seals particular, can provide useful insights due circumpolar distribution, long distant migrations performance extended bouts deep diving. Furthermore, across range, seal populations have very different trends. this study, we...
A bstract The Argos satellite system is commonly used to track and relay behavioral data from marine mammals, but their underwater habit results in a high proportion of locations non‐guaranteed accuracy (location classes (LC) O, A, B). these poorly documented mammals. We assessed the all LCs on four juvenile gray seals fitted with loggers held captivity an outdoor tank for total 61 seal‐days. Four hundred twenty‐six were obtained captivity, latitude longitude error was before after...
Abstract During recent decades satellite telemetry using the Argos system has been used extensively to track many species of marine mammals. However, aquatic behavior most these results in a high number locations with low or unknown accuracy. data are often filtered reduce noise produced by locations, typically removing points requiring unrealistic swimming speeds. Unfortunately, this method excludes considerable good‐quality that have traveling speeds result two being taken very close time....
Female Grey seals transfer large amounts of energy rapidly and efficiently to their pups. Using information from serial weighings carcase analysis the costs repro duction efficiency lactation for female have been calculated. Females use over 125·6 MJ/day maintenance milk production. Pups consume 71·2 in can convert 58·6 into growth stored fat. The gross mother pup is about 57%. Over 80% females' reserves are used feed This massive resources a short time period thought be an adaptation...
Heart rate, swimming speed and diving depth data were collected from free-ranging grey seals, Halichoerus grypus, as they foraged travelled in the sea around Hebrides Islands off western Scotland. Information was on a tracking yacht using combination of sonic radio telemetry. Diving heart rate declined function dive duration. In long dives, seals employed extreme bradycardia, with rates falling to 4 beats min-1 for extended periods, despite animal being free breath at will. This response is...
Summary 1. Grey seals Halichoerus grypus Fab. are large, numerous marine top predators. Fears concerning competition with fisheries have prompted calls for control measures. However, little is known about the areas where grey forage or distances they may travel. 2. The movements of 14 caught at Farnes in north‐east England (12) and Abertay eastern Scotland (2) between August 1991 July 1993 were investigated using Argos Satellite Relay Data Loggers (SRDLs). A total 1461 seal days location...
Polar regions are particularly sensitive to climate change, with the potential for significant feedbacks between ocean circulation, sea ice, and carbon cycle. However, difficulty in obtaining situ data means that our ability detect interpret change is very limited, especially Southern Ocean, where beneath ice remains almost entirely unobserved rate of sea-ice formation poorly known. Here, we show southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) equipped oceanographic sensors can measure structure...
The body composition of living gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) can be accurately predicted from a two-step model that involves measurement total water (TBW) by 2H or 3H dilution and application predictive relationships between components TBW were derived empirically slaughter chemical analysis. was overestimated both 2HHO 3HHO dilution; mean overestimates 2.8 +/- 0.9% (SE) with 4.0 0.6% 3H. for prediction fat (TBF), protein (TBP), gross energy (TBGE), ash (TBA) as follows: %TBF = 105.1 -...
ABSTRACT This is the second paper in a series examining link between energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper, changes kinetic energy limbs body relative to centre mass an animal (EKE, tot) are measured as functions speed size. High-speed films (light or X-ray) four species quadrupeds bipeds running on treadmill were analysed determine EKE, tot . A mass-specific power term, ĖKE, tot/Mb was calculated by adding all increments EKE. during integral number strides...
Abstract. The increasing need for continuous monitoring of the world oceans has stimulated development a range autonomous sampling platforms. One novel addition to these approaches is small, relatively inexpensive data-relaying device that can be deployed on marine mammals provide vertical oceanographic profiles throughout upper 2000 m water column. When an animal dives, CTD-Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDL) records temperature, conductivity and pressure. are compressed once returns...
Abstract Over the last decade, several hundred seals have been equipped with conductivity‐temperature‐depth sensors in Southern Ocean for both biological and physical oceanographic studies. A calibrated collection of seal‐derived hydrographic data is now available, consisting more than 165,000 profiles. The value these within existing observing system demonstrated herein by conducting two state estimation experiments, differing only use or not seal to constrain system. Including...
The energetic cost for walking is relatively higher penguins than other birds or quadrupeds of similar body mass. morphology seems to represent a compromise between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion wherein both energy economy speed suffer when the move on land.