Suppressed recombination allows divergence between homologous sex chromosomes and the functionality of their genes. Here, we reveal patterns earliest stages sex-chromosome evolution in diploid dioecious herb

Sex chromosomes have evolved independently multiple times, but why some are conserved for more than 100 million years whereas others turnover rapidly remains an open question. Here, we examine the homology of sex across nine orders insects, plus outgroup springtails. We find that X chromosome is likely homologous insects and springtails; only exception in Lepidoptera, which has lost now a ZZ/ZW sex-chromosome system. These results suggest ancestral insect persisted 450 years-the oldest known...

The mosquito Anopheles gambiae has heteromorphic sex chromosomes, while the Aedes aegypti homomorphic chromosomes. We use retrotransposed gene duplicates to show an excess of movement off An. X chromosome only after split with Ae. aegypti, suggesting that their ancestor had

Understanding the evolution of parasites is important to both basic and applied evolutionary biology. Knowledge genetic structure parasite populations critical for our ability predict how an infection can spread through a host population design effective control methods. However, very little known about most human parasites, including louse (Pediculus humanus). This species composed two ecotypes: head humanus capitis De Geer), clothing (body) Linnaeus). Hundreds millions infestations affect...

Sexual dimorphism in morphology, physiology or life history traits is common dioecious plants at reproductive maturity, but it typically inconspicuous absent juveniles. Although of different sexes probably begin to diverge gene expression both before their reproduction commences and becomes readily apparent, our knowledge transcriptome-wide differential has yet be demonstrated for any angiosperm species.The present study documents differences above- below-ground tissues early...

Males and females of Artemia franciscana, a crustacean commonly used in the aquarium trade, are highly dimorphic. Sex is determined by pair ZW chromosomes, but nature extent differentiation these chromosomes unknown. Here, we characterize Z chromosome detecting genomic regions that show lower coverage female than male samples, harbor an excess female-specific SNPs. We detect many Z-specific genes, which no longer have homologs on W, also Z-linked genes appear to diverged very recently from...

Parasites may cause fecundity reduction in their hosts via life-history strategies involving simple nutrient theft or manipulation of host energy allocation. Simple nutrients incidentally reduces allocation to reproduction, whereas is a parasite-driven diversion away from reproduction. We aimed determine whether the diphyllobothriidean cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus causes loss threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) through In one population (Walby Lake,...

Most of our knowledge sex-chromosome evolution comes from male heterogametic (XX/XY) taxa. With the genome sequencing multiple female (ZZ/ZW) taxa, we can now ask whether there are patterns common to both sex chromosome systems. In all XX/XY systems examined date, is an excess testis-biased retrogenes moving X autosomes, which hypothesized result either sexually antagonistic selection or escape meiotic inactivation (MSCI). We RNA-mediated (retrotransposed) and DNA-mediated gene movement in...

Abstract X and Y chromosomes can diverge when rearrangements block recombination between them. Here we present the first genomic view of a reciprocal translocation that causes two physically unconnected pairs to be coinherited as sex chromosomes. In population common frog ( Rana temporaria ), both show extensive sequence differentiation, but not degeneration A new method based on gene trees shows are sex‐linked. Furthermore, from have identical topologies, showing they been since occurred....

Sex-biased genes are central to the study of sexual selection, antagonism, and sex chromosome evolution. We describe a comprehensive de novo assembled transcriptome in common frog Rana temporaria based on five developmental stages three adult tissues from both sexes, obtained population with karyotypically homomorphic but genetically differentiated chromosomes. This allows sex-biased gene expression throughout development, its effect rate evolution while accounting for pleiotropic...

The soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus is a model for the study of cooperative microbial behaviours such as social motility and fruiting body formation. Several M. developmental traits that are frequently quantified laboratory strains likely to be significant components fitness in natural populations, yet little known about degree which vary wild may therefore subject selection. Here, we have tested whether several key life-history diverged significantly among both from globally distant...

Abstract Sewall Wright developed F ST for describing population differentiation and it has since been extended to many novel applications, including the detection of homomorphic sex chromosomes. However, there confusion regarding expected estimate a fixed difference between X‐ Y‐chromosome when comparing males females. Here, we attempt resolve this by contrasting two common estimators explain why they yield different estimates applied case We show that is true allele frequencies, but...

Abstract Sex chromosomes have evolved independently multiple times, but why some are conserved for more than 100 million years whereas others turnover rapidly remains an open question. Here, we examine the homology of sex across nine orders insects, plus outgroup springtails. We find that X chromosome is shared among all insect and springtails; only exception in Lepidoptera, which has lost now a ZZ/ZW system. Therefore, ancestral persisted 450 – oldest known to date. Further, suggest...

Abstract Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies. Although they are known to ZW chromosomes, these not well characterized, it is unclear whether shared across the clade. Furthermore, underlying genetic architecture transmission asexuality, can occur when mate with understood. We produced a chromosome-level assembly for species Artemia sinica characterized in detail pair sex...

Abstract Many insects carry an ancient X chromosome—the Drosophila Muller element F—that likely predates their origin. Interestingly, the has undergone turnover in multiple fly species (Diptera) after being conserved for more than 450 My. The long evolutionary distance between Diptera and other sequenced insect clades makes it difficult to infer what could have contributed this sudden increase rate of turnover. Here, we produce first genome transcriptome a overlooked sister-order Diptera:...

Polyploidization may precipitate dramatic changes to the genome, including chromosome rearrangements, gene loss, and in expression. In dioecious plants, sex-determining mechanism also be disrupted by polyploidization, with potential evolution of hermaphroditism. However, while dioecy appears have persisted through a ploidy transition some species, it is unknown whether newly formed polyploid maintained its system uninterrupted, or re-evolved after period Here, we develop bioinformatic...

Abstract Suppressed recombination around a sex-determining locus allows divergence between homologous sex chromosomes and the functionality of their genes. Here, we reveal patterns earliest stages sex-chromosome evolution in diploid dioecious herb Mercurialis annua on basis cytological analysis, de novo genome assembly annotation, genetic mapping, exome resequencing natural populations, transcriptome analysis. Both mapping individuals across species range independently identified largest...

Abstract Many insects carry an ancient X chromosome - the Drosophila Muller element F that likely predates their origin. Interestingly, has undergone turnover in multiple fly species (Diptera) after being conserved for more than 450 MY. The long evolutionary distance between Diptera and other sequenced insect clades makes it difficult to infer what could have contributed this sudden increase rate of turnover. Here, we produce first genome transcriptome a overlooked sister-order Diptera:...

Abstract Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia ) have closely related sexual and asexual lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies. Although they are known to ZW chromosomes, these not well characterized, it is unclear whether shared across the clade. Furthermore, underlying genetic architecture transmission asexuality, can occur when mate with understood. We produced a chromosome-level assembly for species A. sinica characterized in detail pair sex...