Surface flashover characteristics under atmospheric conditions are very important for the performance of devices. However, after metal-ceramic-metal structure is assembled, there may be a gap between metal electrode and ceramic, which will affect withstand voltage performance. In order to study this situation, structures with spacing 0.5 mm 2.5 in atmosphere studied paper, influence 0.2 ceramic analyzed by measuring breakdown diagnosing luminescence process, then simulation model established...

Depinning dynamics of a two-dimensional (2D) solid dusty plasma modulated by one-dimensional (1D) vibrational periodic substrate are investigated using Langevin dynamical simulations. As the uniform driving force increases gradually, from overall drift velocity varying with force, four significant Shapiro steps discovered. The data analysis indicate that, when ratio frequency motion over potential wells to external modulation is close integers, dynamic mode locking occurs, corresponding...

Langevin dynamical simulations are performed to investigate the formation of clusters and voids a two-dimensional periodic substrate (2DPS)-modulated dusty plasma (2DDP) driven by gyroscopic force. It is discovered that, as frequency force decreases gradually, substrate-modulated 2DDP undergoes cyclic transition between ordered cluster void phases. Between observed phases, studied exhibits more uniform arrangement particles. The attributed symmetry time-averaged potential landscape induced...

The catastrophic dendrite hyperplasia and parasitic reactions severely impede the future deployment of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. Controlling zinc orientation growth is considered to be an effective method overcome aforementioned concerns, especially for regulating (002) plane deposited Zn. Unfortunately, Zn texture difficult obtain stable cycling under high deposition capacity resulting from its large lattice distortion nonuniform distribution in electric field. Herein, different traditional...

A new proposal—multibeam (MB) and power combining (PC) folded waveguide (FW) circuit, which can enhance the interaction efficiency output of terahertz (THz) traveling-wave tubes, is presented in this paper. Operating with multiple electron beams PC means that a larger beam current higher be obtained. First, equivalent circuit model MB-FW used to analyze its cold-test characteristics. Second, small signal also applied evaluate Pierce gain. Last, computer simulation technology (CST) code...

Simulation of the transport ions and neutral particles is important for studies flow field working characteristics jet plasma devices. The spatiotemporal evolution plumes in small space within such devices complex. To realize numerical simulations particle this situation, a variety complex effects need to be considered, as collisions between particles, chemical reactions, gas–surface interaction, electric field. In study, five types (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

Compact ion sources are widely used in plasma thrusters, thin film deposition, implantation, and so on. This study fabricated a compact surface flashover source with titanium films deposited on alumina substrates as electrodes. The fabrication process, phase composition analysis, current distribution, mass-to-charge of the presented this article. analysis revealed that electrodes was not affected after more than 200 discharges; however, discharge changed diffraction peak intensity ratio. A...

The periodic nonuniform folded waveguides are special structures, the physical dimension of which is between waveguide and tapering period waveguide. Therefore, synchronization microwave electron beam can be maintained in whole interaction process periods not tapered. In comparison with waveguide, theoretical analysis technological requirements for this structure more convenient. order to study structure, space harmonics analysed, conditions make m-th harmonic synchronizing present,...

The catastrophic dendrite hyperplasia and parasitic reactions severely impede the future deployment of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. Controlling zinc orientation growth is considered to be an effective method overcome aforementioned concerns, especially for regulating (002) plane deposited Zn. Unfortunately, Zn texture difficult obtain stable cycling under high deposition capacity resulting from its large lattice distortion nonuniform distribution in electric field. Herein, different traditional...

Abstract Unstable Zn metal anodes with dendrites/side reactions are becoming the main obstacle to practical application of zinc‐based aqueous batteries. Epitaxial growth has been considered be an effective strategy for solving these issues, especially inducing (002) plane growth. Nonetheless, (002)‐textured is difficult achieve highly stable anode under high capacity resulting from its large lattice distortion. Herein, Cu single atom anchored polymeric carbon nitride (Cu@PCN) synthesized by...

A new proposal, multi-beam (MB) and power combining (PC) folded waveguide (FW) circuit, which can enhance the interaction efficiency output of terahertz (THz) traveling wave tubes, is presented in paper. Operating with multiple electron beams PC means that a larger beam current higher be obtained. Firstly, equivalent circuit model MB-FW used to analyze its cold characteristics. Secondly, small signal also applied evaluate Pierce gain. Lastly, CST code implemented simulate high frequency,...

The surface flashover is one of the most important factors that limit performance electric devices. In this article, processes under different pressures are observed by a high-speed camera, and differences between plasma evolution presented. Moreover, simulation model atmospheric conditions established particle-in-cell code with direct Monte Carlo (PIC-DSMC) code. Compared to results vacuum flashover, reasons caused on condition discussed. It found competition gas discharge would become more...

Chemical reactions in a rarefied plasma plume greatly influence the spatiotemporal distribution and transport characteristics of flow field. In this article, such chemical are studied using direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Five particles, including molecular hydrogen H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , atomic H, metal X, <sup xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ions, injected from sidewall cylinder....

Resulted from electrode erosion, microparticles is common and inevitable in gas switches. Once these acquire field-induced charge flee into the gap, there micro-discharge, impact damage field distortion may occur, which eventually cause undesirable electrical breakdown. This paper firstly introduces detachment criteria of based on contact pressure, discusses microparticles’ under vibration. Results indicate that larger microparticle could be detached more easily strongly influenced by...

This work investigates the interaction between high current vacuum arc (HCVA) and macroparticle (MP) generated from cathode spots in small-size trigatron. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to describe column. MPs are added into MHD model, which described by discrete phase model. The control equations of include charging equation, motion heat transfer evaporation also considered. Based on above effects diameter initial velocity characteristics them studied. Simulation results show that...

Microparticles from electrode erosion would lead field distortion, microdischarge, or impact damage, which are convinced to be mainly responsible for degradation of insulation performance in switches. To investigate the splashing characteristics microparticles erosion, this paper performs discharge experiments between two cylinder electrodes, made copper, molybdenum, tungsten-copper. A statistical method based on laser confocal microscopy is introduced visualize distribution surface....

The surface flashover at atmospheric pressure is the main factor that limits insulation performance of high-voltage devices. In order to rise dielectric strength surface, screening electrode frequently used. this article, characteristics on ceramic are studied by experiments in air with different structures electrode. effect obtained comparing breakdown voltage pure gap and surface. Besides, evolution plasma under lengths captured a high-speed camera, transformation gas discharge decreasing...

The transport characteristics of the unsteady flow field in rarefied plasma plumes is crucial for a pulsed vacuum arc which particle distribution varies from 1016 to 1022 m−3. direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and particle-in-cell (PIC) are generally combined study this kind field. DSMC simulates motion neutral particles, while PIC charged ions. A hybrid DSMC/PIC algorithm investigated here determine axisymmetric plume expansion. Numerical simulations found be consistent with...

Langevin dynamical simulations are performed to investigate the formation of clusters and voids a two-dimensional-periodic-substrate (2DPS) modulated two-dimensional dusty plasma (2DDP) driven by an oscillatory force. It is discovered that, as frequency force decreases gradually, substrate-modulated 2DDP undergoes cyclic transition ordered cluster void phases. Between observed phases, studied exhibits more uniform arrangement particles. The attributed symmetry time-averaged potential...

A period-varying folded waveguide is formed by varying the period of a waveguide. It has advantages space harmonic selectivity and wide bandwidth. However, regularities variety these waveguides are unavailable from published papers. In order to solve this problem, principle analysed, conditions select for slow wave system obtained. addition, selectivities linear hyperbolic sine-varying also analysed as examples.

To utilize the interaction between field and electron beam in a traveling wave tube （TWT）, velocity of electrons longitudinal phase should be made approximately equal. But when electromagnetic energy increases, are slowed down synchronization condition is no longer satisfied periodic structures. However, varying-period slow-wave structure can used to maintain whole section. This also has advantages space harmonic selectivity wide bandwidth. The structures analyzed here. one with during...