Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mammalian hippocampus has been proven a series studies, but differentiation process toward newborn neurons is still unclear. In addition to immunohistochemical study, electrophysiological membrane recordings precursor cells could provide an alternative view address this process. we performed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-guided selective nestin-positive progenitor by means nestin-promoter GFP transgenic mice, because nestin typical marker for...

Neurons in the latero-capsular part of central nucleus amygdala (CeA), a region now called "nociceptive amygdala", receive predominantly nociceptive information from dorsal horn through afferent pathways relayed at parabrachialis (PB). Excitatory synaptic transmission between PB afferents and these neurons is reported to become potentiated within few hours establishment arthritic or visceral pain, making it possible mechanism linking chronic pain unpleasant negative emotional experiences....

Unrelated memories get blurred together If one retrieves two around the same time, a small number of neurons will become involved in both memories. Yokose et al. investigated cellular ensemble mechanisms underlying association between such In mice, population mediates association. Memory traces for independent emotional brain partially overlapped when were retrieved synchronously to create linkage. Suppressing activity overlapping memory trace interrupted linkage without damaging original...

Memory is thought to be stored in the brain as an ensemble of cells activated during learning. Although optical stimulation a cell triggers retrieval corresponding memory, it unclear how association information occurs at level. Using optogenetic without any sensory input mice, we found that artificial between stored, non-related contextual, and fear was generated through synchronous activation distinct ensembles information. This shared characteristics with physiologically associated...

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a form of learning accomplished by associating conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned (US). While CS-US associations are generally thought to occur in the amygdala, pathway mediating US signal processing has only been partially identified. The external part pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus (elPB) well situated for providing nociceptive information central amygdala (CeA), which was recently revealed play primary role acquisition. Therefore, we...

The sympathetic thermoregulatory system controls the magnitude of adaptive thermogenesis in correspondence with environmental temperature or state energy intake and plays a key role determining resultant storage. However, nature trigger initiating this reflex arc remains to be determined. Here, using capsiate, digestion-vulnerable capsaicin analog, we examined involvement specific activation transient receptor potential (TRP) channels within gastrointestinal tract thermogenic by measuring...

Abstract Behavioural tagging is the transformation of a short-term memory, induced by weak experience, into long-term memory (LTM) due to temporal association with novel experience. The mechanism which neuronal ensembles, each carrying engram one experiences, interact achieve behavioural unknown. Here we show that retrieval LTM formed experience depends on degree overlap ensemble corresponding numbers neurons activated training in object recognition (NOR) task and context exploration (NCE)...

The role of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is well established in nociceptive behaviors. CGRP highly expressed projection pathway from parabrachial nucleus to laterocapsular region central amygdala (CeC), which plays a critical relaying information. CeC key structure pain behavior because it integrates and modulates information along with other sensory signals. Previous studies have demonstrated that blockade amygdalar CGRP-signaling cascade attenuates behaviors...

P2X receptors are ATP-gated channels permeable to cations including Ca 2+ . In acute slices containing the nucleus of solitary tract, in which neuronal ATP release and ATP-elicited physiological responses demonstrated vivo , we recorded spontaneous action potential-independent EPSCs [miniature (mEPSCs)]. Activation presynaptic with α,β-methylene (αβmATP) triggered -dependent glutamate that was resistant blockade voltage-dependent calcium but abolished by receptor antagonists. mEPSCs elicited...

ATP is an important cell-to-cell signaling molecule mediating the interactions between astrocytes and neurons in CNS. In hippocampal slices, suppresses excitatory transmission mostly through activation of adenosine A 1 receptors, because ectoenzyme activity for extracellular breakdown to high slice preparations contrast culture environments. Because hippocampus also rich expression P2 receptors activated specifically by ATP, we examined whether modulates neuronal excitability acute...

ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria is most efficient way to provide energy various energy-consuming activities of neurons. These processes require a large amount molecules be maintained. Of these, synaptic transmission consuming. Here we report that lactate transported monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) at excitatory synapses constitutively supports transmission, even under conditions which sufficient supply glucose and intracellular are present. We...

Background: Neurons in the capsular part of central nucleus amygdala (CeC), a region also called “nociceptive amygdala,” receive nociceptive information from dorsal horn via afferent pathways relayed lateral parabrachial (LPB). As is known to be involved acquisition and expression emotion, this pathway thought play roles generation affective responses inputs. Excitatory synaptic transmission between afferents arising LPB these CeC neurons potentiated arthritic, visceral, neuropathic,...

A large majority of neurons in the superficial layer dorsal horn projects to lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB). LPB then project capsular part central amygdala (CeA; CeC), a key structure underlying nociception-emotion link. LPB-CeC synaptic transmission is enhanced various pain models by using electrical stimulation putative fibers origin brain slices. However, this approach has limitations for examining direct monosynaptic connections devoid directly stimulating from other structures and...

Abstract Background Neuroinflammation is associated with many conditions that lead to dementia, such as cerebrovascular disorders or Alzheimer’s disease. However, the specific role of neuroinflammation in progression cognitive deficits remains unclear. To understand molecular mechanisms underlying these events we used a rodent model focal cerebral stroke, which causes hippocampus-dependent function. Methods Cerebral stroke was induced by middle artery occlusion (MCAO). Hippocampus-dependent...

Abstract Widespread or ectopic sensitization is a hallmark symptom of chronic pain, characterized by aberrantly enhanced pain sensitivity in multiple body regions remote from the site original injury inflammation. The central mechanism underlying widespread remains unidentified. nucleus amygdala (also called amygdala, CeA) well situated for this role because it receives nociceptive information diverse sites and modulates various regions. In study, we examined CeA novel model rats. Injection...

Functional MRI (fMRI) is an important tool for investigating functional networks. However, the widely used fMRI with T2*-weighted imaging in rodents has problem of signal lack lateral ventral area forebrain including amygdala, which essential not only emotion but also noxious pain. Here, we scouted zero-echo time (ZTE) sequence, robust to magnetic susceptibility and motion-derived artifacts, image activation whole brain amygdala following stimulation hind paw. ZTE exhibited higher spatial...

Whole-cell transmembrane currents of second-order neurones in the caudal part nucleus tractus solitarii (cNTS) brainstem slices rat were recorded to analyse effects adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on: (1) EPSCs evoked by solitary tract stimulation (eEPSCs) and (2) spontaneous (sEPSCs). ATP (10-6 10-4 m) significantly reduced amplitude eEPSCs 46.6 +/- 7.4 % increased frequency sEPSCs 268.0 71.5 control without significant changes sEPSC amplitude. These opposite on concurrently observed about...

1. The embryonic hindbrain of chick is segmented until stage 24, when it starts to generate rhythmic activities in cranial nerves. In order recognize a possible influence segmentation on the organization neuronal systems generating motor rhythms, activity trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal and hypoglossal nerves was studied during stages 24‐36, by simultaneous recording different an isolated, superfused preparation. 2. Highly correlated recurrent episodes cyclical burst discharges...

Sevoflurane, an anesthetic showing high incidence of emergence agitation in human patients, especially children, increases noradrenaline release the preoptic area rat brain. The clinically observed frequency with sevoflurane is significantly reduced by drugs activating alpha2 adrenoceptors. locus coeruleus (LC) a source nucleus widely spreading noradrenergic projections central nervous system and also known as one principal targets some alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists, such dexmedetomidine....

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a classical form of associative learning, which depends on synaptic plasticity in the amygdala. Recent findings suggest that central amygdala (CeA) plays an active role acquisition learning. However, little known about properties CeA The capsular part (CeC) receives direct nociceptive information from external lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPB), as well highly processed polymodal signals basolateral (BLA). Therefore, we focused CeC convergence point for BLA and...

Nociceptive signals originating in the periphery are conveyed to brain through specific afferent and ascending pathways. The spino-(trigemino-)parabrachio-amygdaloid pathway is one of principal pathways mediating from nociception-specific neurons central amygdala, a limbic structure involved aversive signal-associated emotional responses, including aspects pain. Recent studies suggest that right left amygdala play distinct roles regulation nociceptive responses. Using latent formalin...

The capsular part of the central amygdala (CeC) is called "nociceptive amygdala," as it receives nociceptive information from various pathways, including monosynaptic input lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), a major target ascending neurons in spinal and medullary dorsal horn. LPB-CeC synaptic transmission mediated by glutamate but fibers LPB also contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) CeC rich CGRP-binding sites. CGRP might be released response to strong nociception activate these...

The spiral ganglion of the cochlea is essential for hearing and contains primary bipolar neurons that relay action potentials generated by mechanosensory hair cells. Injury to (SGNs) causes permanent loss because these cells have limited regenerative capacity. Establishment human cell-derived inner ear tissue in vitro could facilitate development treatments loss. Here, we report a stepwise protocol differentiating human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPSCs) into otic organoids contain SGN-like...