The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus has long been implicated in the regulation of cortical activity and behavioral states, including rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep. For example, electrical stimulation PPT region during sleep leads to awakening, whereas lesions cats reduce REM Though these effects have linked with cholinergic neurons, also includes intermingled glutamatergic GABAergic cell populations, precise roles cholinergic, glutamatergic, groups regulating state remain unknown....

Competitive female athletes restrict energy intake and increase exercise expenditure frequently resulting in ovarian suppression. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact suppression deficit on swimming performance (400-m swim velocity).Menstrual status determined by circulating estradiol (E2) progesterone (P4) ten junior elite swimmers (15-17 yr). were categorized as cyclic (CYC) or ovarian-suppressed (OVS). They evaluated every 2 wk for metabolic hormones, bioenergetic...

The parabrachial nucleus is important for thermoregulation because it relays skin temperature information from the spinal cord to hypothalamus. Prior work in rats localized thermosensory relay neurons its lateral subdivision (LPB), but genetic and neurochemical identity of these remains unknown. To determine LPB neurons, we exposed mice a warm (36°C) or cool (4°C) ambient temperature. Each condition activated distinct subregions that receive input cord. Most c-Fos+ expressed transcription...

Narcolepsy is characterized by chronic sleepiness and cataplexy—sudden muscle paralysis triggered strong, positive emotions. This condition caused a lack of orexin (hypocretin) signaling, but little known about the neural mechanisms that mediate cataplexy. The amygdala regulates responses to rewarding stimuli contains neurons active during In addition, lesions reduce Because GABAergic central nucleus (CeA) target brainstem regions regulate tone, we hypothesized these cells promote...

Orexin-A (ORXA) is an orexigenic neuropeptide produced by the lateral hypothalamus that increases food intake when injected into brain ventricles or forebrain nuclei. We used a licking microstructure analysis to evaluate hindbrain and ORXA effects in intact hindbrain-lesioned rats, identify motivational anatomical bases of hyperphagia. Intact rats with cannulas fourth ventricle (4V) received vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) (0.1, 0.4, 1, 10 nm) injections before 90 min access 0.1 m...

Abstract The orexin (hypocretin) neurons play an essential role in promoting arousal, and loss of the results narcolepsy, a condition characterized by chronic sleepiness cataplexy. excite wake‐promoting basal forebrain (BF), reciprocal projection from BF back to may help promote arousal motivation. contains at least three different cell types (cholinergic, glutamatergic, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons) across its regions (medial septum, diagonal band, magnocellular preoptic area,...

Orexin receptor antagonists are clinically useful for treating insomnia, but thorough blockade of orexin signaling could cause narcolepsy-like symptoms. Specifically, while sleepiness is a desirable effect, an antagonist also produce cataplexy, sudden episodes muscle weakness often triggered by strong, positive emotions. In this study, we examined the effects dual (DORAs), lemborexant (E2006) and almorexant, on sleep-wake behavior cataplexy during dark period in wild-type (WT) mice...

Open-water swimming (5, 10, and 25 km) has many unique challenges that separate it from other endurance sports, like marathon running cycling. The characteristics of a successful open-water swimmer are unclear. purpose this study was to determine the physical metabolic group elite-level swimmers. swimmers were participating in 1-week training camp. Anthropometric, metabolic, blood chemistry assessments performed on athletes. had VO(2)peak 5.51 +/- 0.96 5.06 0.57 ml.kg(-1).min(-1) for males...

Cells of the dorsomedial/lateral hypothalamus (DMH/LH) that produce hypocretin (HCRT) promote arousal in part by activation cells locus coeruleus (LC) which express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives endogenous daily rhythms, including those sleep and wakefulness. These circadian oscillations are generated a transcriptional-translational feedback loop Period (Per) genes constitute critical components. This cell-autonomous molecular clock operates not only...

Normal neurodevelopment requires precise expression of the key ubiquitin ligase gene Ube3a. Comparing newly generated mouse models for Ube3a downregulation (models Angelman syndrome) vs. upregulation autism), we find reciprocal effects dosage on phenotypes associated with circadian rhythmicity, including amount locomotor activity. Consistent results from neurons in general, that is imprinted suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), pacemaking brain locus, despite other claims SCN were somehow...

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are orexigenic peptides found in hypothalamic neurons that project throughout the forebrain hindbrain. The effects of fourth ventricle (4V) infusions NPY (5 microg) MCH on licking for water, 4 mM saccharin, sucrose (0.1 1.0 M) solutions were compared to identify contributions each peptide hindbrain-stimulated feeding. increased mean meal size only solutions, suggesting caloric feedback or taste quality is pertinent effect; under...

To evaluate the contribution of neural pathways to determination circadian oscillator phase in peripheral organs, we assessed lateralization clock gene expression Syrian hamsters induced split rhythms locomotor activity by exposure constant light. We measured ratio haPer1, haPer2, and haBmal1 mRNA on high vs. low (H/L) side at 3-h intervals prior predicted onset (pAO). also calculated sides ipsilateral contralateral (I/C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) expressing higher haPer1. The extent...

Open-water swimming (5, 10, and 25 km) has many unique challenges that separate it from other endurance sports, like marathon running cycling. The characteristics of a successful open-water swimmer are unclear. purpose this study was to determine the physical metabolic group elite-level swimmers. swimmers were participating in 1-week training camp. Anthropometric, metabolic, blood chemistry assessments performed on athletes. had Vo2peak 5.51 ± 0.96 5.06 0.57 ml·kg-1min-1 for males females,...

Competitive female athletes face many challenges unlike their recreationally active counterparts. As sport has advanced for girls and women, the physical, psychologic, nutritional demands force to develop optimal strategies competitive success. Sports medicine professionals must consume volumes of research investigating issues regarding athletes. This review focuses on three primary factors associated with females performance: iron status, interrelated biorhythms, energy optimization....

Abstract People with narcolepsy often experience intrusive episodes of muscle weakness known as cataplexy which are usually triggered by strong, positive emotions. Importantly, almost exclusively occurs during social interactions, so we examined whether the prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin promotes and mapped underlying neural circuits. We show in a murine model that reunification triggers cataplexy, an antagonist blocks these socially induced weakness. Chemo- optogenetic manipulations reveal...

0218 The most severe menstrual dysfunction associated with the Female Athlete Triad (FAT) is amenorrhea, which characterized by chronic hypoestrogenism. FAT identifies that amenorrheic athletes may also present impaired bone health and disordered eating, more recently, endothelial cell dysfunction. One of earliest indicators cardiovascular disease in fact alterations function. PURPOSE: To examine Influence hypoestrogenism on markers function, including peripheral blood flow, an index (AM)...