In this work, exfoliated graphite was used to adsorb antiretroviral drugs from river water and wastewater. The prepared natural by intercalating it with the acids exfoliating at 800 °C. It characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy which showed phenolic, alcoholic, carboxylic functional groups between 1000 cm-1 1700 cm-1. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results carbon as main element splashes of oxygen. Scanning Electron Microscopy images increased c-axis distance...

Abstract Microextraction methods such as hollow fibre‐liquid phase microextraction (HF‐LPME), dispersive liquid–liquid (DLLME), single‐drop (SDME) and ultrasound‐assisted emulsification (USAEME) have become prominent for analysing pharmaceuticals in wastewater. HF‐LPME, particularly the three‐phase system, excels extracting pollutants with high efficiency. SDME, especially direct immersion (DI) variant, is effective moderately polar non‐polar compounds. DLLME uses an immiscible dispersion...

Abstract Efavirenz is one of the antiretroviral drugs widely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus. Antiretroviral have been found be present in surface water and wastewater. Due complexity environmental samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE) for isolation pre-concentration prior their chromatographic analysis. However, commercially available SPE sorbents lack selectivity, which tends prolong analysis time. Therefore, this study a molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized specific...

Abstract Antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) have been extensively employed in health care to improve the quality of life and lifecycle longevity. However, overuse improper disposal ARVDs recognized as an emerging concern whereby wastewater treatment major recipients. Therefore, this work, activated macadamia nutshells (MCNs) were explored low‐cost adsorbents for removal samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET), Powder...

Conventional wastewater treatment methods are often ineffective at fully removing heavy metals, leading to environmental and health risks. These also chemically intensive costly, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated Chlorella sp. biomass as a solution metals (copper, lead, zinc) from in South Africa. The dried was characterized using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Batch...

Abstract As a result of their toxicity, ease analysis, and environmental occurrence, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were chosen as priority pollutants by the USEPA. Few studies have been conducted to assess levels PAHs in South Africa, especially KwaZulu Natal province, no work has done selected study area. Therefore, this aimed evaluate such river water wastewater samples source ecological risk. The status these African environment not investigated fully, which is gap intended...

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of uptake commonly used antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) in South Africa (abacavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz) by vegetable plants (beetroot, spinach, tomato) from contaminated soil culture. The results showed that all studied vegetables have take up abacavir, efavirenz soil, be absorbed root, translocate them aerial part plants. total percentage ARVDs found individual plant was mainly attributed abacavir which contributed 53% beetroot 48% while (42%)...

The majority of pharmaceuticals are found in the environment as mixtures. However, a significant amount these therapeutic compounds cannot be completely metabolized by human body; thus, they excreted through feces and urine end up wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). presence degree to which can removed during now important research topics. Despite adoption various alternative technologies for wastewater, adsorption process is still regarded promising method due its high efficiency,...

Abstract The antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) have been reported to be among the emerging water pollutants as a results attention is being paid on their analysis. This work therefore explored for first time multi-template MIP selective removal of selected ARVDs (abacavir, efavirenz and nevirapine) in wastewater, river tap water. adsorption studies were conducted by determining effect an increase concentration solution contact between sorbent ARVDs. High efficiencies observed abacavir, nevirapine...

ABSTRACT The ineffectiveness of traditional wastewater treatment procedures to completely remove them results in their release into the environment. There is a pressing need pharmaceuticals effectively using different methods. Using affordable technologies while maintaining standards for health and safety one main problems industry. In this study, cost effective highly selective molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was combined with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) capped platanus acerifolia...

The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment has been a growing concern. However, there is little information on concentration levels pharmaceuticals African countries. This indicates need and importance to develop sensitive methods that can detect these at trace (ng/L–µg/L). work reports development solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–photo diode array (SPE-LC-PDA) analysis. method was then applied for analysis (ibuprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen,...

Potable water availability has been drastically reduced because of the indiscriminate discharge pharmaceuticals into rivers and surrounding areas. Polluted disrupts aquatic life affects human health. This study investigated potential using NaOH-activated maize cobs for removing Ibuprofen (IBP) from a synthetic solution. The sorption capacity base-treated cob (BMC) untreated (UMC) was compared. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted several parameters, including range pH values (2-10),...

This study reports on the development and application of solid phase extraction (SPE) ultrasonic (UE) methods for analysis triazine herbicides in water, soil sediment samples. The parameters such as conditioning solvent, sample loading volume, eluting time mass were optimized due to their influence efficiency analytes. To assess applicability SPE UE methods, spiked distilled water or samples extracted analyzed using an LC-PDA instrument. recoveries obtained under optimum conditions between...

Abstract Ten phenolic compounds (PC) concentration levels were determined in river water, wastewater, sediments and sludge using solid phase extraction (SPE) microwave assisted (MAE) ultrasonic (UE), their ecological risk was evaluated. All the methods showed good sensitivity with limit of detection quantification values at 0.01–2.00 0.02–6.07 µg L −1 for SPE, 0.05–1.20 0.17–3.17 kg MAE 0.09–1.33 0.26–3.54 UE, correspondingly. Recovery ranges 75.2–112% (SPE), 80.9–110% 79.3–119% (UE)...

Abstract Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and ultrasonic (UE) techniques followed by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) have been modified for qualitative quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water sediment samples. Percentage recoveries PAHs ranged from 85 to 121% 82 117% The limits detection (LOD) quantification (LOQ) 0.02 0.2 0.05 0.5 µg/L SPE while UE, they were between 0.008–0.09 0.02–0.30 µg/kg, respectively. concentration levels (naphthalene,...

This study presents the analysis of twelve trace elements in soil and sediment samples using microwave-assisted ultrasonic-assisted digestion prior to with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The recoveries obtained for ranged between 81–101% 80–98% while were 80–108% 79–103% respectively. metal concentrations from 0.10–355.4 mg/kg 1.50–308.3 sediments Most studied below maximum permissible limits except zinc. Both methods revealed similar accuracy, indicating that both...

In this study, the analysis of metals in tap, river, wastewater, and sludge samples was conducted using ICP−OES after hotplate- or microwave-assisted digestion. Both digestion methods produced a good degree accuracy, indicating their suitability for studied water samples. From method development studies, 100 mL HNO3 found to be optimum sample volume acid type The average concentrations obtained ranged from 4.9–410.8 µg/L, 5.9–465.0 3.6–425.4 16.1–647 µg/L 9.7–784 tap water, influent,...

Abstract The presence of pharmaceuticals in water bodies has been reported to be mainly due their incomplete removal by the conventional wastewater treatment processes, resulting release into aquatic environment where they thratens human health and life. Therefore, it is important remove these pollutants from using affordable highly efficient materials. goal this study was incorporate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) MIPs for selective sulfamethoxazole, nevirapine, ibuprofen wastewater. AgNPs...