In order to evaluate the performance of signs comprehensively, evaluation chart was created. The framework created by consideration previous studies. has nested structure and four layers. From top bottom, headings layers are performance, element, target Performance index. Each item this value contribution their one above layer item, derived impression experiment. experiment 7 stages rating scale method. verified another considered compared with

Abstract Land resources are essential for humans to survive, and different methods of land- resource use depend largely on the local natural context society. Here we propose a method assess land-resource in terms efficiency sustainability three historical types Babeldaob Island, Republic Palau: self-supply, development nature conservation. Our proposed index land-use makes comparisons possible among use, considering both social conditions; increased order conservation development. At same...

Penman-type evapotranspiration (ET) methods are widely used in irrigation water management and resource planning. To determine the daily reference ET using methods, net longwave radiation must be estimated through an empirical equation based on meteorological data. This paper presents coefficients of calibrated highly accurate data observed at Tateno observatory, which belongs to Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN). The calculated with these is better agreement as compared those...

Soil moisture condition is essential to regulate the release of soil carbon from a drained peatland since aerobic microbial activities can be encouraged through oxygen supply associated with dewatering layer while they may discouraged under too dry conditions. Aiming characterize in reclaimed tropical peatland, we monitored volumetric water content at 5 cm depth (θ cm), groundwater level (GWL) and rainfall for 20 months March 2010 November 2011 an oil palm field Nakhon-Si-Thammarat,...

Abstract This study determines the cause of soil erosion in red soils sugarcane fields, especially even with use subsoiling fissures, and to compare effectiveness a novel artificial linear-macropore insertion fibrous material into fractures. Four column treatments (tillage, subsoiling, plant residue fillings, no-tillage-with-mulching) were established. A subsoiler was used break up hard layers enhance infiltration, whereas mulching reduced impact raindrops on soil. Sugarcane inserted empty...

Abstract Tropical peatlands are potentially the highest-ranked carbon sources among various types of soil in world. The O2 consumption rate is one deterministic factors for release through aerobic decomposition organic matter reclaimed tropical peatlands. present study examined in-situ influx at surface relation to below-ground a palm oil plantation field on peatland Thailand. was measured using closed-chamber method. Below-ground concentrations were also measured. rates obtained from three...

The isohyetal map for the 10 or 5 minute interval of time, if it is constructed from sufficiently dense network rain-gauge stations, sometimes reveals celluar isolated heavy rain areas, which authors call 'Rain Cells' here.In this paper, several examples cells are presented. Various properties and their ways movements also discussed with synoptic situations.

In these years, red-soil erosion and runoff have led to agricultural environmental problems in Okinawa, effective sediment reduction methods are required for comprehensive management an entire river basin. A purpose of this study is grasp the effect some on farmlands. order estimate canopy residue cover, no-tillage farming, grass strip runoff, four experimental plots were set up multi-points simultaneous observations carried out. The time series precipitation, discharge, suspended...

熱帯泥炭湿地林での炭素収支のなかで大きな部分を占める森林生態系各要素のCO2放出速度を調べた.各器官の単位表面積あたりの呼吸速度は, 他の熱帯林や温帯・寒帯の針葉樹と比較して低かった.このように, 熱帯泥炭湿地林の呼吸速度が低いのは, 地盤が貧栄養の泥炭であることが原因と考えられた.1995年8月から1996年7月までの各器官による年間の呼吸速度を単位地表面積あたり炭素換算値で表すと, 幹, 枝, 葉および根は各々0.53, 0.55, 2.50, 2.43t C ha-1year-1であり, 葉と根の呼吸の寄与が顕著であった.また各器官の呼吸速度に土壌有機物分解速度である2.83t Cha-1year-1を加え, 森林生態系からの総CO2放出速度が炭素換算値で8.84t ha-1year-1と見積もられた.日本大学生物資源科学部上田信吾講師には貴重なデータの提供と有益な助言をいただいた.ここに記して謝意を表する.本研究は文部省科学研究費補助金 (創成的基礎研究費, 代表: 佐々木恵彦日本大学教授) および日産学術研究助成による成果の一部である.

Red-soil erosion and runoff have led to agricultural environmental problems in Okinawa, effective measures which can reduce sediment yield the farmland are necessary. For purpose, advanced model for predicting transport is required. The authors carried out long-term continuous observation at Nagura watershed, Ishigaki Island. Observation items were precipitation, water depth, flow velocity, turbidity, SS concentration. Observed data contain 31 rainfall events 1.5 years some characteristics...

沖縄地方では降雨に伴って過度の土壌侵食が発生し,濁水が沿岸域へ流入することによって,サンゴをはじめとする水域生態系に多大な負の影響を与えている.土壌侵食の発生源対策として,藻類・菌類による土壌被覆(Biological Soil Crust, BSC)に着目し,受食性の評価試験を行った.その結果,裸地条件下では降雨強度や掃流力の増大に伴ってインターリル侵食量およびリル侵食量も増大したが,BSCによる土壌被覆条件下では侵食量の軽減が見られた.特に,リル侵食試験では,十分大きな掃流力を与えても侵食が発生しなかった.また,降雨によってBSCの剥離が確認されたが,侵食量抑制効果は持続した.試験結果から同定された受食係数のベース値をWEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project)に入力して解析した結果,BSCによる土壌被覆によって裸地状態の90%程度の侵食量を抑制できることが示された.

Environmental biophysics of peatland has high fluctuating by time and its affected on soil CO2 emission. Therefore it is necessary to develop a system for monitoring the biophysical environment emissions that can measure continuously obtain accumulation annual carbon more accurately. The objective this research was environmental from bare peatlands open. measurement have been developed able function properly which includes weather parameters (temperature, moisture, groundwater levels)....

We report that stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) plays an important role in ultrahigh-speed bitwise phase-controlled optical time-division multiplexing transmissions such as in-phase and carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (RZ). show the power can easily exceed SBS threshold for high-speed coherent RZ signals. The SBS-induced performance limitation a 160-Gb/s-520 km transmission is described detail.

Soil erosion and runoff have led to environment problems in Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau, practical simulation model which can evaluate soil sediment watershed area is necessary. This paper aims quantify the movements a through continuous field observation for two years numerical using GeoWEPP model. We focused small catchment Ngerikiil has 2.7ha developing bare land. The following three points were clarified. First, observed results showed that severe at land development zone affects...

Recently in Okinawa, red soil runoff becomes a remarkable problem, and sediment movements (erosion, transportation, sedimentation) have to be grasped for assessments of new land development plans or sustainable managements agriculture. A purpose this study is grasp the at watershed scalefrom results multi-point simultaneous observation small agricultural basin including erosion observation. The time series discharge, suspended concentration were measured on several rainfall events andat...