The characterization of plasma bursts produced after the pinch phase in a focus hundreds joules, using pulsed optical refractive techniques, is presented. A Nd-YAG laser at 532 nm and 8 ns FWHM pulse duration was used to obtain Schlieren images different times dynamics. energy, interaction time with target, power flux burst were assessed, providing useful information for application devices studying effects fusion-relevant pulses on material targets. In particular, it found that damage...

COVID-19 vaccines have been a crucial measure in the pandemic response, yet vaccine uptake has variable across population. We sought to identify social and structural factors associated with intention among adults Midwestern USA who worked one or more frontline industries during pandemic. A community-engaged, cross-sectional online survey study was conducted between May July 2022 889 workers. Guided by Thomas Penchasky's 5As theory of access Thomson et al's taxonomy uptake, we assessed...

Decentralization has been associated traditionally with participation and empowerment in local decision-making. This study of four cases analyzed the role health boards enhancing community under a decentralized system Philippines. Local government units (LGUs) functioning were compared LGUs whose not meeting regularly as mandated by law. The found that there more consultations community, fund-raising activities, initiatives higher per capita expenditure boards. Only mayors municipal officers...

An experimental study on hard X-ray pulses emitted by a small plasma focus is performed, regarding its application to biological radiographs in fast dynamic situations. It found that the radiation intensity single shot high enough obtain fine resolution very short exposures (about 10 ns). As an example, radiograph live mouse shown. relation between responses of different detectors, i.e., thermoluminescence dosimeters and scintillator-photomultiplier, linear.

Recent observations of an azimuthally distributed array sub-millimeter size sources fusion protons and correlation between extreme ultraviolet (XUV) images filaments with neutron yield in PF-1000 plasma focus have re-kindled interest their significance. These been described variously literature as current vortex filaments, very little experimental evidence support either nomenclature. This paper provides, for the first time, on a table-top device using three techniques: framing photography...

Dense plasma foci are the most efficient devices in production of fast neutrons proceeding from deuterium nuclear fusion reactions. This work deals with experiments a small focus machine and attempts to distinguish thermal origin non-thermal neutrons, search for possible sources both.

An axial plasma jet emitted from the dense focus (DPF) was detected using a Faraday cup. The registered into cone with half angle of . angular measurements D - fusion neutron flux, performed CR-39 nuclear track detectors, allowed us to see that there is high anisotropy flux just in narrow cone, practically coincident jet. This phenomenon consistent DPF thermonuclear model based on hypothesis inertial confinement. same cup showed existence very collimated and brief (about 10 ns) ion beams....

The average angular distribution of neutron emissions has been measured in the Fuego Nuevo II (FN-II) dense plasma focus device (5 kJ) by means CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. When pure deuterium is used as filling gas, data can be adjusted to a Gaussian function, related anisotropic emission, superposed on constant pedestal, isotropic emission. deuterium–argon admixtures are used, contribution best represented parabola. same analysis applied previously reported results, for fewer...

The FN-II Dense Plasma Focus is a small (< 5kJ ) Mather type device, where the dependence of neutron yield and its anisotropy, in terms deuterium filling pressure, emission angular distribution have been studied. Two diferent electrode configurations tested, showing that their geometry plays an important role both on anisotropy. Time integrated anisotropy has measured with silver activation counters, shot to basis. CR-39 nuclear track detectors are used determine neutrons, averaged over tens...

This document intends to develop a study on tension analysis considering renewable or non-conventional energy for implementing distributed generation (DG), as solution the problem generated in electrical power system (EPS) due disturbances that affect it. One of problems is lack active supplied system, which compensated by inclusion generation; otherwise it considered instability criterion harming itself and consumer receiving service. Based voltage stability, radial 9 bars was established,...

Abstract Optical emission spectroscopy was used to study the glow discharge of CO 2 in pressure range 0.2 1.2 mTorr, power 160 W and a flux 35 psi. The bands lines were measured using monochromator wavelength 200 900 nm. species observed C (A 3 Π g – X '3 u ) at 435.7nm (C' 1 b 369.2 nm; O (b Σ + ‐ 628.2; (a' Π) 674.7 339.3 289.2 353.2 ( B 391.7 Σ) 577.7 A 327.2 We that intensities have an almost constant behavior as function 0.6 followed by increasing behavior. electron temperature ion...

Time integrated measurements of the angular distributions fusion products and x rays in a small dense plasma focus machine are made inside discharge chamber, using passive detectors. The is operated at 37kV with stored energy 4.8kJ deuterium filling pressure 2.75torr. Distributions protons neutrons measured CR-39 Lantrack® nuclear track detectors, on 1.8×0.9cm2 chips, 500μm thick. A set detectors was placed semicircular Teflon® holder, 13cm away from column, covered 15μm Al filters, thus...

Radiographs are obtained with a small (4.6kJ) dense plasma focus machine, using the x-rays which cross 300μm aluminum window on axis. Contrast is improved by inserting an iron needle tip of electrode. Measurements TLD-100 dosimeters have shown average dose to increase from 0.077±0.006mGy/shot, when hollow cathode used, 0.11±0.01mGy/shot, needle. The spectrum estimated filters and effective equivalent energy found be in range 20–25keV.

Optical emission spectroscopy was used to study a gas mixture glow discharge of CO2 and N2 at total pressure 1.2 Torr, power 100 W flow 16.5 L/min. The bands were measured in the wavelength range 200 nm 900 nm. principal species observed O2+ (A2Πu → X2Πg), CO+ (A2Π X2Σ), N2+ (B2Σu+ X2Σg+), CO2+ X2Π), N2(C3Πu B3Πg), O2(b1Σg+ X3Σg−), CO (a'3Σ a3Π). behavior band intensities as function percentage is consistent with recent Monte Carlo simulations. electron temperature ion density determined by...

Electric discharge between two electrically charged surfaces occurs at a well-defined, gas-dependent combination of atmospheric pressure and the distance those surfaces, as described by Paschen's law. The understanding when will occur in an Ar is essential basic knowledge. A glow apparatus was used this experiment range 2.0 Torr 12 Torr, power 20 W 40 l/min flow rate gases. optical emission spectroscopy carried out wavelength 200 to 1100 nm. Here, we present experimentally measured plasma...

This study analyses the glow discharge of He and N2 mixture at pressure 2.0 Torr, power 10 W, flow rate 16.5 l/min, by using optical emission spectroscopy mass spectrometry. The bands were measured in wavelength range 200–1100 nm. principal species observed N2+ (B2Σ+u→X2Σ+g), (C3Πu→B3Πg), He, which are good agreement with results Besides, electron temperature ion density determined a double Langmuir probe. Results indicate that is 1.55–2.93 eV, concentration order 1010 cm−3. experimental for...

DC generated Ar–CO2 discharge for plasma mixtures at 2.0 Torr is investigated to evaluate the variation in electron temperature and density, energy distribution function, population densities of reactive atomic, molecular, ionic species CO2–Ar plasmas as a function Ar percentage mixtures. Optical emission spectroscopy quadrupole mass spectrometry are used determine mode percentage. The observed were CO2, O2, CO, O, C2, Ar, which agree very well with observation. In addition, single Langmuir...

Plasma foci are efficient plasma based neutron sources, when deuterium is used as the filling gas. The dense focus FN-II a small device (4.7 kJ), in which emission of fusion neutrons (2.45 MeV) studied. system produces an average yield (5.3 ± 0.5) × 108 neutron/shot 4π sr at ~ 350 kA peak discharge current and 2.75 torr operation. Three methods currently used; silver activation counters CR-39 nuclear track detectors, for time integrated angular distribution studies, BC 400 scintillators...

This paper considers the optical and electrical characterization of an ac glow-discharge plasma in abnormal glow mode used for emission spectroscopy. The total discharge current applied voltage are measured using conventional techniques. characteristics planer-cathode confirmed that is operating at characterized by increases as was raised under given pressure. Optical spectroscopy to determine main lines <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

Emission spectroscopy was employed to observe decomposed species of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) exposed He, N2 and air plasmas, which were generated by an AC discharge at 3.0 Torr pressure. For the He plasma, several strong emissions observed assigned Hα Hβ atomic lines, CH3O, CN(B 2Σ–X 2Π), CH(A 2Δ–X , N2(C 3Πu–B 3Πg) C3H5, CN, CHO, CH2O transitions. These results suggest that plasma etching NIPAAm monomer sample, resulting emitted light near surface.

In this paper, we present preliminary results on the feasibility of employing a low energy (2 kJ, 31 kV) plasma focus device as portable source pulsed neutron beams (2.45 MeV) generated by nuclear fusion reactions D-D, for "in situ" analysis substances activation. This has relevant advantage being at requirement, transportable, not permanently radioactive, without radioactive waste, cheap, among others. We prove using showing several spectra characteristic emission line manganese, gold,...