Abstract With the help of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation model, we investigate long-time evolution (near <?CDATA $100{{\rm{\Omega }}}_{i0}^{-1}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>100</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , where Ω i 0 is ion gyrofrequency in upstream)...

Abstract Chorus waves are intense electromagnetic whistler mode emissions in the magnetosphere, typically falling into two distinct frequency bands: a lower band (0.1–0.5 f ce ) and an upper (0.5–0.8 with power gap at about 0.5 . In this letter, Time History of Events Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite, we observed special chorus events, which called as multiband because is located harmonics chorus. We propose new potential generation mechanism for chorus, cascade. scenario,...

Abstract Rising‐tone chorus waves have already been successfully produced in a mirror magnetic field with the use of one‐ and two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations. However, reality, background inner Earth's magnetosphere is dipole field, unlike symmetric fields. In this paper, (2‐D) general curvilinear PIC (gcPIC) code, we investigate generation rising‐tone configuration. The plasma consists three components: immobile ions, cold background, hot electrons. order to save...

Abstract Whistler‐mode waves are electromagnetic pervasively observed in the Earth's and other planetary magnetospheres. They considered to be mainly responsible for producing hazardous radiation diffuse aurora, which heavily relies on their properties. Density irregularities, frequently magnetospheres, found change largely properties of whistler‐mode waves. Here we report, using Van Allen Probes measurements, strongly modulated by two different density enhancements. With particle‐in‐cell...

Abstract Relativistic electron precipitation (REP) into the Earth's atmosphere is one of fundamental mechanisms causing radiation belt flux dropout. It important to know preferred regions REP events and interplanetary magnetospheric conditions under which take place. In this study POES relativistic data during 1998–2017, we have examined all from L = 3–10 using an automatic algorithm. The preferentially occur in MLT 17–03 at 4–6.5, where fluxes also peak. monthly average event number...

Abstract Linear theory suggests that whistler mode wave growth rates are proportional to the ratio of hot electron (~1 30 keV) density total ( N h / t ), whereas nonlinear an optimum linear rate is required generate rising tone chorus from hiss‐like emissions. Using Time History Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms waveform data collected by three probes over past ~5 years, we investigate correlation between amplitude/wave occurrence for tone, falling emissions separately....

Abstract Superposed epoch analyses were performed on 193 significant relativistic electron flux dropout events, in order to study the roles of different solar wind parameters driving depletion electrons, using ~16 years data from POES and GOES missions, OMNIWEB database. We find that dynamic pressure interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B z play key causing dropouts, but also either large or strong southward IMF by itself is capable producing electrons. The dropouts occur not only when...

Abstract Substorm injection and solar wind dynamic pressure have long been considered as two main drivers of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave excitation, but clear observational evidence is still lacking. With Van Allen Probes data from 2012–2017, we investigated the roles EMIC separately, by using time‐modified AE + . Both occurrence rate magnetic amplitude waves significantly increase with enhancement each index. During large , are mainly generated in dusk sector (16 ≤ MLT 20)...

Abstract In this paper, we report the proof of existence density ducts in Earth's magnetosphere by studying situ observations whistler‐mode chorus waves using NASA's Van Allen Probe‐A data. Chorus waves, originally excited inside with wave normal angles (WNAs) smaller than Gendrin angle at near‐equatorial region, are efficiently confined to a limited area (i.e., ducted regions), and remain small WNAs as they propagate toward higher latitudes. The region becomes narrower for higher‐frequency...

It is widely accepted that repetitive chorus waves are responsible for the internal modulation of pulsating auroras. Recent studies have indicated nature stems from continuous electron injection. By employing a one-dimensional general curvilinear plasma simulation code, we introduce periodic injection into system. This generates rising-tone waves, subsequently resulting in precipitation, which potentially contributes to formation There distinct one-to-one correlation between each element and...

Lung transplantation is the primary treatment for end-stage lung diseases. However, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) significantly impacts transplant outcomes. 4-Octyl itaconate (4-OI) has shown potential in mitigating organ IRI, although its effects require further exploration. BEAS-2B cells were used to model transplantation, assessing of 4-OI through viability, apoptosis, and ROS assays. qRT-PCR analyzed cytokine transcription post-cold ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R). RNA sequencing Gene...

Abstract Recently, electron‐only reconnection, in which there is no obvious ion bulk flow and heating, has been pervasively observed the Earth's magnetosphere. In this Letter, we realize reconnection with a guide field Keda Linear Magnetized Plasma (KLMP) device. By measuring magnetic field, identify unambiguously distorted quadrupolar structure of out‐of‐plane direction. At same time, electrons are obviously heated current sheet half‐width about 0.8 electron inertial length. The maximum...

Abstract There exist large‐amplitude ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in the upstream region of a quasi‐parallel shock, which are excited due to reflected ions by shock. These then brought back shock solar wind, and at last they coalesce merge with In this paper, magnetic field measurements from Venus Express, for first time we observe transmission ULF downstream under conditions. both regions Venusian bow have similar characteristics: their peak frequencies 0.04–0.05 Hz spacecraft frame,...

Abstract Recently, the generation of rising‐tone chorus has been implemented with one‐dimensional (1‐D) particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations in an inhomogeneous background magnetic field, where both propagation waves and motion electrons are simply forced to be parallel field. In this paper, we have developed a two‐dimensional (2‐D) general curvilinear PIC simulation code successfully reproduced excited from anisotropic electron distribution 2‐D mirror Our results show that whistler mainly...

Abstract Multiband chorus waves, where the frequency of upper band is about twice that lower chorus, have recently been reported based on THEMIS observations. The generation multiband waves attributed to mechanism cascade, excited via nonlinear coupling process between and associated density mode with equal chorus. In this letter, a one‐dimensional (1‐D) particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation model, we successfully reproduced waves. During simulation, significant fluctuation driven by fluctuating...

Abstract In this paper, we perform a 1‐D particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation model consisting of three species, cold electrons, ions, and energetic ion ring, to investigate spectral structures magnetosonic waves excited by ring distribution protons in the Earth's magnetosphere, dynamics charged particles during excitation waves. As wave normal angle decreases, range becomes broader with upper frequency limit extending beyond lower hybrid resonant frequency, discrete spectra tends merge into...

Abstract The primary power gap of chorus waves is statistically investigated using 7‐year waveform data from THEMIS probes for the first time. Overall, ~2/3 events have a between lower and upper bands. Both frequency bandwidth broad distribution, which peaks at frequencies ~0.49 f ce ~0.07 , respectively. tends to increase with increasing |MLAT| (magnetic latitude), while width gradually increases L ‐shell. In most banded events, peak band roughly twice that band. Two types are studied. For...

Abstract Three lower‐band ( f &lt; 0.5 fce) chorus riser elements detected in the dayside generation region were studied detail using Van Allen Probe data. Two subelements/wave packets within each examined for their wave “frequency” constancy seven consecutive cycles. The cycles contained maximum amplitudes of subelements/packets. Maximum variance B1 zero crossings used identification cycle start and stop times. It is found that frequency constant to ~3% (one standard deviation), with no...

Abstract Satellite observations with high‐resolution measurements have demonstrated the existence of intermittent current sheets and occurrence magnetic reconnection in a quasi‐parallel magnetosheath behind terrestrial bow shock. In this letter, by performing three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation, we investigated characteristics shock, which is formed due to interaction solar wind Earth's magnetosphere. Current widths several ion inertial lengths are found be produced after upstream...

Abstract Chorus waves, discovered as a series of repetitive coherent emissions, are well known for producing hazard radiation environments in Earth's magnetosphere. Its nature directly causes the rapid modulation pulsating aurora upper atmosphere and microburst ionosphere, but its origin remains decades‐old puzzle. Recent simulation suggested energetic electrons, injected from magnetotail drifting eastward around Earth, critical to form pattern. Based on survey 1.5 year data Van Allen...

We present a laser architecture to obtain continuous-wave (CW) light sources at the 589 nm sodium D2 line. A 808 diode-pumped Nd:YLiF4 (Nd:YLF) crystal emitting 1053 nm. part of pump power was then absorbed by Nd:YLF crystal. The remaining used Nd:YAG 1338 Intracavity sum-frequency mixing and realized in LiB3O5 (LBO) reach yellow-orange radiation. obtained CW output 235 mW with diode 17.8 W

Abstract The bandwidths and coherence coefficients of lower band whistler mode waves are analyzed using Time History Events Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) waveform data for rising tones, falling hiss‐like emissions separately. We also evaluate their dependences on the spatial location, electron density, ratio plasma frequency to local gyrofrequency ( f pe / ce ), wave amplitude. Our results show that bandwidth normalized by ) tones is very narrow (~0.01 smaller than...

Abstract One‐dimensional (1‐D) hybrid simulations have demonstrated that a quasi‐parallel shock is nonstationary and undergoes reformation process. Recently, two‐dimensional (2‐D) revealed ripples along the front an inherent property of shock. In this paper, we investigate process rippled with 2‐D simulation model. The results show at shock, incident particles behave differently just can be partially reflected some specific locations front, will form ion beam moves back to upstream magnetic...