The upper Indus basin (UIB) holds one of the most substantial river systems in world, contributing roughly half available surface water Pakistan. This provides necessary support for agriculture, domestic consumption, and hydropower generation; all critical a stable economy study has identified trends, analyzed variability, assessed changes both annual seasonal precipitation during four time series, herein as: (first) 1961–2013, (second) 1971–2013, (third) 1981–2013, (fourth) 1991–2013, over...

In contrast to widespread glacier retreat evidenced globally, glaciers in the Karakoram region have exhibited positive mass balances and general stability over past decade. Snow meltwater from western Himalayas, which supplies Indus River Basin, provide an essential source of water more than 215 million people, either directly, as potable water, or indirectly, through hydroelectric generation irrigation for crops. This study focuses on resources Upper Basin (UIB) combines ranges Hindukush,...

Abstract Runoff generated from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) mainly originates in massifs of Hindukush–Karakoram–Himalaya (HKH) region Pakistan. Water supply early spring depends upon snow accumulation winter and subsequent temperature. Seasonal temperature variations corroborate contemporary dynamics glaciers. Recently, there has been increasing evidence accelerated warming high mountain areas, termed as elevation-dependent (EDW). We have identified trends, analyzed inconsistencies,...

Reliable estimations of sediment yields are very important for investigations river morphology and water resources management. Nowadays, soft computing methods helpful famous regarding the accurate estimation loads. The present study checked applicability radial M5 tree (RM5Tree) model to accurately estimate using daily inputs snow cover fraction, air temperature, evapotranspiration effective rainfall, in addition flow, Gilgit River, Upper Indus Basin (UIB) tributary, Pakistan. results...

ABSTRACT Functional requirements (FRs) prioritization is process of ranking software FRs from development perspective such that which requirement to be implemented first and should not. necessary as these are interrelated one for the implementation another requirement. Also, when two parallel developers work on dependent requirements, must prioritized. Prioritizing small size not a big issue due fewer number comparisons but implement large enterprise resource planning (ERP), it requires huge...

ABSTRACT Requirements engineering (RE) is important phase of software development life cycle. Among different RE phases include, requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management. There essential need an assessment model where organization can measure their level capability to implement engineering. Besides so much advances in this field, there no such organizations find maturity towards process. In research, (REM) designed implemented via case studies from...

Context: Success of any software depends on the successful implementation all its Requirements. There exist a lot challenges in requirement engineering (RE) process especially when we talk about global development (GSD). Objective: The objective is to find and barriers path RE context GSD analyze factors which influence GSD. Method: We have used systematic literature review (SLR) approach for our study. SLR based planned protocol more thorough than ordinary survey Result: identified critical...

This paper investigates the spatiotemporal variability in hydrometeorological time-series to evaluate current and future scenarios of water resources availability from upper Indus basin (UIB). Mann–Kendall Sen’s slope estimator tests were used analyze temperature, precipitation, streamflow data at 27 meteorological stations 34 hydrological for period 1963 2014. The entire study divided into two equal subseries 26 years each (1963–1988 1989–2014) assess overlapping aspect climate change...

Requirements prioritization is ranking of software requirements in particular order. Prioritize are easy to manage and implement while un-prioritized costly consume much time as total estimation project can exceed. Because all depended on each other so exceed when wait for pre-requisite requirements. Priority requirement also increases it but assigning low priority needed will delaying the project. Iteration model engineering (SE) process which not developed at one phases. Only sufficient...

Requirements prioritization is very vital and difficult phase during requirement management of software engineering. Prioritization small size requirements not big issue many techniques are suggested by researchers available to prioritize set but issues arise when we consider large requirements. In this study, an approach presented reduce number comparisons prioritizing Through analytic hierarchy process (AHP), first two modules were compared directly for then all functional (FRs) belong...

CONTXEXT:-Success of any Software depends on the successful implementation all Requirements. The paper is about requirement engineering (RE) practices in context global software development (GSD)., OBJECTIVE: — Development model (RIM) which can address challenges and success factors requirements elicited through efficient RE practices. METHOD: Systematic literature review (SLR) empirical research study will be used for aforesaid objective. SLR based a planned protocol more thorough...

Abstract The management of water resources is no longer an option but a necessity especially in countries with high rate population growth like Pakistan. Pakistan has high-water scarcity, extremely varying topography, and also one the encountering problem climate change. Therefore, prudent utilization available matter plains as its high-altitude regions. Instead wasting which valuable resource, rainwater harvesting way saving alternative source fresh for better use. aim this study was to...

Requirements management is not easy task especially in global software development where clients and vendors are far away from each other's.For successful implementation of any project, proper efficient requirements necessary.Purpose this current work model (RMM) that can address the factors have positive impact negative during requirements.The propose will provide solutions to challenges requirement management.Systematic literature review (SLR) empirical research study be conducted for...

Context: Global Software Development (GSD) is the software development across globe in which stakeholders are related to different countries and cultures, they communicate each other by emails, fax, mobile, videoconferencing or any communicating media. There a lot of problems implementing requirement engineering process for global development. need implementation model guides us how implement successfully context GSD. Objective: To Find Critical Success factors (CSF) challenges GSD through...

Context: Successful requirement engineering (RE) leads to successful delivery of software.There exist a lot challenges during RE process especially in Global Software Development (GSD).The aim this study is find context GSD.Objective: The objective and analyze the process.Method: Systematic Literature Review (SLR) used as research method achieve goals.Result: SLR protocol developed.Expected output list out all which stakeholders are facing implementing GSD through SLR.As result protocol, 71...

Requirements prioritization shows significant role during effective implementation of requirements. Prioritization requirements is not easy process particularly when are large in size. The current methods face limitations as the techniques for functional rely on responses stakeholders instead prioritizing basis internal dependencies one requirement other Moreover, there need to classify their importance i.e. how much they needed or dependent first represented with spanning trees and then...

The Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayan (HKH) ranges and their massive cryosphere extend over the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) are prone to incapacitated water supply due proclivity of globally increased temperature. Due excessive carbon emissions, frequent incursions including extreme climatic events, likely happen sooner than expected on a regional scale recent climate change. present study examined variability extremes (18 indices) during 1971 to2018 UIB. Mann-Kendall (MK) test Sen’s methods were...

Climate science has confirmed the alteration of hydrological cycle attributed to global warming. This warming tendency affects monsoon precipitation in Pakistan with an unprecedented intensity, causing severe flooding. Therefore, it is inevitable observe recent spring and summer changes extreme throughout Pakistan. The present study examined 8 indices past 50-year period (1971–2020) (stretched two data periods; 1971–1998 1999–2020) using Mann–Kendall Sen’s method investigate direction...

<p>Requirement elicitation is difficult and critical phase of requirement engineering the case worst in global software development (GSD). The study about context GSD. Development model (REM) which can address factors that have positive impact negative during propose will give solutions practices to challenges elicitation. Systematic literature review (SLR) empirical research be used for achieving goals objectives. expected results this REM help vendor organizations better GSD.</p>