T has sometimes been suggested that the wild-type allele is not a single entity, I but rather population of different isoalleles are indistinguishable by any ordinary procedure. With hundreds nucleotides, each presumably capable base substitutions and with additional permutations possible through sequence rearrangements, gains, losses, number gene states becomes astronomical. It known nucleotide substitution can have most drastic consequences, there also mutations very minute effects...

SUMMARY A new model of mutational production alleles was proposed which may be appropriate to estimate the number electrophoretically detectable maintained in a finite population. The assumes that entire allelic states are expressed by integers (…, −1 , 0 1 …) and if an allele changes state mutation change occurs such way it moves either one step positive direction or negative (see also Fig. 1). It shown for this ‘effective’ selectively neutral population effective size N e under rate υ per...

By using two models of evolutionary base substitutions--"three-substitution-type" and "two-frequency-class" models--some formulae are derived which permit a simple estimation the distances (and also rates when divergence times known) through comparative studies DNA RNA) sequences. These applied to estimate substitution at first, second, third positions codons in genes for presomatotropins, preproinsulins, alpha- beta-globins (using comparisons involving mammals). Also, estimating synonymous...

N natural populations, it is expected that there a constant supply of muta-I tions in each generation.These mutations may have different persistence depending on their fitnesses, but collectively, they constitute the ultimate source genetic variability populations.Since maintenance an important subject study population genetics, be worthwhile to investigate, using various models, effect mutation variability.For example, KIMURA and CROW (1964) studied number alleles maintained finite...

Population genetics is that branch of genetics, whose object the study genetical make-up natural populations. By investigating laws which govern genetic structure populations, we intend to clarify mechanism evolution.

A mutant gene which appeared in a finite population will eventually either be lost from the or fixed (established) it.The mean time until of these alternative events takes place was studied by WATTERSON (1962) and EWENS (1963).They made use method previously announced DARL-ING SIEGERT (1953), and, independently FELLER (1954).Actually, refer to its application genetics.From standpoint genetics, however, it is much more desirable determine separately fixation that loss.Since substitution plays...

In an asexual population two favorable mutants can be incorporated into the only if one occurs in a descendant of individual which other occurred. sexual both through recombination. A mathematical formulation is given relative rates incorporation new mutations with and without Recombination greatest advantage when double mutant more advantageous than either single mutant, effects are small, occur high frequency, large. On hand, for individually deleterious but collectively beneficial...

A mathematical theory is developed that enables us to derive a formula for the equilibrium distribution of allelic frequencies in finite population when selectively neutral alleles are produced stepwise fashion (stepwise mutation model). It shown model has remarkable property distinguishes it from conventional infinite allele (Kimura-Crow model): as size increases indefinitely while product effective and rate kept at fixed value, mean number different contained rapidly reaches plateau which...

THE FOLLOWING FIVE PRINCIPLES WERE DEDUCED FROM ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE ON MOLECULAR EVOLUTION AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS MUTANT SUBSTITUTIONS: (i) for each protein, the rate of evolution in terms amino acid substitutions is approximately constant/site per year various lines, as long function and tertiary structure molecule remain essentially unaltered. (ii) Functionally less important molecules or parts a evolve (in mutant substitutions) faster than more ones. (iii)...

In genetics, stochastic processes arise at all levels of organization ranging from subunits the gene to natural populations. Types involved are also diverse. present paper, following five topics have been selected for mathematical discussion and new results presented: (1) Random assortment a gene. (2) Senescence in paramecium due random chromosomes. (3) Process selection finite population (interaction between genetic drift). (4) Chance fixation mutant genes. (5) Population structure...

Journal Article THE MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVE POPULATION NUMBER Get access Motoo Kimura, Kimura University of Wisconsin Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar James F. Crow Evolution, Volume 17, Issue 3, 1 September 1963, Pages 279–288, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1963.tb03281.x Published: 01 1963 history Received: 25 June 1962

Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal (NAS) - an authoritative source high-impact, original research that broadly spans biological, physical, and social sciences.