Objective: To investigate how affordable cigarettes are in developed and developing countries, to calculate by much the affordability of has changed between 1990 2001; secondly, relation cigarette consumption. Design: Affordability was defined as cost relative per capita income. Trends affordability, elasticities demand, were estimated using regression techniques. Subjects: Seventy countries investigated, which 28 categorised high income while 42 countries. Cigarette prices obtained for main...

To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 assess the appropriateness measures affordability.Two existing were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as measure income, while "minutes labour" is based on Union Bank Switzerland (UBS) survey earnings.RIP (1990-2006) calculated 32 high-income 45 low-income middle-income countries. The 29 23 countries.In...

Background. Although the South African (SA) government has implemented alcohol control measures, consumption remains high. Objectives. To quantify prevalence of self-reported current drinking and binge in SA, to determine important covariates. Methods. We used 2014 - 2015 National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative dataset just over 20 000 individuals aged ≥15 years. Multiple regression logit analyses were performed separately by gender for drinkers (any amount), bingers as...

Background Increasing cigarette excise taxes is widely recognised as the most effective measure to reduce demand for cigarettes. The presence of illicit trade undermines effectiveness tax increases both a public health and fiscal measure, because it introduces cheaper alternatives legal, full-priced Objective To assess trends in size market South Africa from 2002 2017 using gap analysis. Methods Tax-paid sales are compared with consumption estimates two nationally representative surveys: All...

Introduction The effectiveness of excise tax increases as a tool for reducing tobacco consumption depends largely on how the impact retail price. We estimate this relationship in South Africa 2001–2015. Data Statistics provided disaggregated cigarette price data, used calculation Consumers’ Price Index. per were obtained from Budget Reviews prepared by National Treasury Africa. Methods Regression equations estimated each month. month-on-month change prices February through April was...

The endgame literature recommends that, for a tobacco sales ban to be successful, several demand-side preconditions (eg, low prevalence and effective cessation support) should in place. South African Government imposed on the sale of all vaping products between 27 March 17 August 2020, as part COVID-19 lockdown.To assess how cigarette smokers responded ban, evaluate impacted market Africa use experience inform planning.Regular preban completed an online questionnaire from 4 19 June 2020...

Many low- and middle-income countries are experiencing an epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases. This has negative consequences for their human capital development, imposes a growing economic burden on societies. While the prevalence of such diseases varies with socioeconomic status, inequalities can be exacerbated by adopted lifestyles individuals. Evidence suggests that lifestyle factors may explain income-related inequality in self-reported health....

<h3>Background</h3> The tobacco industry claims that illicit trade in cigarettes has increased sharply since the 1990s and government lost substantial tax revenue. <h3>Objectives</h3> (1) To determine whether cigarette excise revenue been below budget recent years, compared with previous decades. (2) trends size of market 1995. <h3>Methods</h3> For (1), mean percentage errors root square were calculated for deviation three products (cigarettes, beer spirits), various subperiods. (2),...

South Africa has achieved significant success with its tobacco control policy. Between 1994 and 2012, the real price of cigarettes increased by 229%, while regular smoking prevalence decreased from about 31% to 18.2%.Cigarette prices socioeconomic variables are used examine determinants onset. We apply duration analysis techniques National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey Africa.We find that an increase in cigarette significantly reduces initiation among males, but...

Zimbabwe is the largest producer of tobacco leaf in Africa and sixth globally. Tobacco a mainstay economy, accounting for about 10% country's GDP 2018.We use descriptive regression analyses from face-to-face survey 381 smallholder farmers three major tobacco-farming areas Manicaland province to determine prevalence tobacco-related debt some its covariates. The was conducted June July 2019.74% respondents are contract 26% independent farmers. 57% indicated that they were debt. likelihood...

(1) To present a model that predicts changes in cigarette consumption and excise revenue response to tax changes, (2) demonstrate that, if the industry has market power, increases specific taxes have better tobacco control consequences than ad valorem taxes.All parameters are user-determined. The calculates likely consumption, smoking prevalence revenues due an change. is applicable countries levy as or taxes.For representative low-income middle-income country 20% increase decreases by 5%...

Energy drinks are a fast-growing class of beverage containing high levels caffeine and sugar. Advertising marketing have been key to their growth in South Africa. This paper documents trends energy drink consumption advertising, examines the relationship between exposure advertising consumption. Logistic regressions were estimated categories on individual characteristics, as well advertising. Exposure is measured by reported viewing channels Africa higher among younger, wealthier males....

South Africa has since 1994 consistently increased the excise tax on cigarettes to maintain a total burden of 50% (1997-2003) and 52% (after 2004) average retail selling price. Between 2004, real (inflation-adjusted) by 249%, price 110%. In addition, advertising smoking bans were implemented in 2001. These measures, which we collectively refer as tax-led, coincided with 46% decrease per capita consumption cigarettes. No evaluation Africa's tobacco control policies created counterfactual what...

Aims To apply methods for measuring the affordability of beer in a large cross section countries, and to investigate trends over time. Methods We use Relative Income Price (RIP), which uses per capita GDP, measure up 92 countries from 1990 2016 (69 were included 1990, however survey has since grown include countries). In addition affordability, we also price beer. Results While is, on average, similarly priced high-income (HICs) low- middle-income (LMICs), it is significantly more affordable...

Objective To provide the first published estimates of price elasticity demand for cigarettes in Uganda and thereby contribute to growing evidence base likely impact excise taxes on cigarette consumption tax revenues Sub-Saharan Africa. Method We use a linear approximation Almost Ideal Demand System along with expenditure data from National Panel Survey exploit fact that prices vary across geographical space Uganda. Results find are inelastic ranging between −0.26 −0.33. That is, we expect...

<h3>Background</h3> Namibia is typical of low-income and middle-income countries with growing tobacco use, but limited capacity to impose comprehensive control legislation. Despite initiating dialogue on national policy in 1991, the country took nearly 20 years pass Tobacco Products Control Act. <h3>Objective</h3> To use as a case study illustrate challenges faced by working forward <h3>Method</h3> Face-to-face telephonic interviews were conducted 13 bureaucrats advocates currently or...

Cigarette smoking in South Africa decreased sharply since the early 1990s. Waterpipe increased, especially among students. We estimate prevalence of waterpipe and cigarette associated characteristics university students Western Cape.An anonymous self-administered online questionnaire was sent to all registered at 4 public Cape universities. The 4578 valid responses were weighted represent Cape's student population. present descriptive statistics logistic regressions.We found that 63% ever...