In a pairwise interaction, an individual who uses costly punishment must pay cost in order that the opponent incurs cost. It has been argued individuals will behave more cooperatively if they know their option of using punishment. We examined this hypothesis by conducting two repeated two-player Prisoner's Dilemma experiments, differed payoffs associated to cooperation, with university students from Beijing as participants. these level cooperation either stayed same or actually decreased...

One landmark application of evolutionary game theory is the study social dilemmas. This literature explores why people cooperate even when there are strong incentives to defect. Much this literature, however, assumes that interactions symmetric. Individuals assumed have same strategic options and potential pay-offs. Yet many interesting questions arise once individuals allowed differ. Here, we asymmetry in simple coordination games. In our set-up, human participants need decide how much...

Significance An important research area in the social and biological sciences is how endogenous sanctions can promote cooperation dilemma situations, particularly a budget-balanced (no need for external financing) manner. Punishment has had some success experimental studies, but serious shortcomings: It socially wasteful materially also tends to induce poor relations. Reward avoids those issues reinforces fabric. Our mechanism achieves high contributions public goods game (PGG) with peer...

Abstract The empirical research on the public goods game (PGG) indicates that both institutional rewards and punishment can curb free-riding effect is stronger than reward effect. Self-regarding models are based Nash equilibrium (NE) strategies or evolutionary dynamics correctly predict which incentives best at promoting cooperation, but individuals do not play these rational overall. goal of our study to investigate human decision making in repeated PGG with incentives. We consider an...

Fracture is one of the most pervasive injuries in musculoskeletal system, and there a complex interaction between macrophages adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) fracture healing. However, two-dimensional (2D) coculture ADSCs can not accurately mimic vivo cell microenvironment. To establish both 2D 3D osteogenic models to investigate ADSCs. After obtaining from surgery inducing differentiation THP1 line, we established models. assess level differentiation, used alizarin red staining...

Well-defined AB2 Y-shaped miktoarm star copolymers of PNIPAM-b-(PZLL)2 and PNIPAM-b-(PLL)2 were synthesized through the combination atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), ring-opening (ROP), click chemistry, where PNIPAM, PZLL, PLL are poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(ε-benzyloxy-carbonyl-l-lysine), poly(l-lysine), respectively. Propargyl amine was employed as ROP initiator for preparation alkynyl-terminated PZLL. Diazide-terminated PNIPAM obtained with an azide-containing ATRP...

People on average do not play their individually rational Nash equilibrium (NE) strategy in game experiments based the public goods (PGG) that model social dilemmas. Differences from NE behavior have also been observed PGG include incentives to cooperate, especially when these are peer-incentives administered by players themselves. In our repeated experiment, an institution rewards and punishes individuals contributions. The primary experimental result is institutions which both reward...

Significance Understanding how communities emerge is a fundamental problem in social and economic systems. Here, we experimentally explore the emergence of networks, using ultimatum game as paradigm for capturing individual interactions. We find diverse static networks result local interaction between responders with inherent heterogeneity rational proposers which former act community leaders. In contrast, do not arise populations random interactions, suggesting that structure stabilizes...

Abstract Cooperation coexisting with defection is a common phenomenon in nature and human society. Previous studies for promoting cooperation based on kin selection, direct indirect reciprocity, graph selection group have provided conditions that cooperators outcompete defectors. However, simple mechanism of the long-term stable coexistence still lacking. To reveal effect reciprocity defection, we conducted experiment Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game, where basic idea behind our all players PD...

Network embedding is a fundamental part of many network analysis tasks, including node classification and link prediction. The existing random walk-based methods aim to learn that preserves information on either proximity or structural similarity. However, the both role community important nodes. To address shortcomings methods, this paper proposes novel method for called RARE, which can be used different types networks even disconnected networks. proposed uses nodes preserve similarity in...

Abstract A hetero‐arm star polymer, polystyrene‐poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide)‐ poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate) (PSt‐PNIPAM‐PDMAEMA), was synthesized by “clicking” the alkyne group at junction of PSt‐ b ‐PNIPAM diblock copolymer onto azide end‐group PDMAEMA homopolymer via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. The resultant polymer characterized gel permeation chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. PSt‐PNIPAM‐PDMAEMA micelles...

Abstract Reducibly degradable hydrogels of poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and N,N ‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) were synthesized by the combination reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization click chemistry. The alkyne‐pending copolymer PNIPAM or PDMAEMA was obtained through RAFT copolymerization propargyl acrylate with NIPAM DMAEMA. Bis‐2‐azidyl‐isobutyrylamide cystamine (AIBCy) used as crosslinking reagent to prepare reducibly exhibited...

Sustaining cooperation among unrelated individuals is a fundamental challenge in biology and the social sciences. In human society, this problem can be solved by establishing incentive institutions that reward cooperators punish free-riders. Most of previous studies have focused on which incentives promote best. However, higher level does not always imply group fitness, only lead to fitness survive evolution. paper, we compare efficiencies three types institutional incentives, namely,...