Abstract We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether social pressure from home stadium crowd affected behavior and outcomes. The standout effect an empty was that referees cautioned visiting players less often, by over third yellow card per match or once for every 22 fouls committed. Stadium crowds caused favor the team their decision‐making. Empty stadiums appear have reduced overall advantage final outcomes matches, but we cannot statistically...

Abstract Despite its prominence in the economic literature, our knowledge regarding role of game outcome uncertainty (GOU) spectator decision-making is fairly limited. Even worse, studies testing hypothesis (UOH) by exploring TV demand for European football have further intensified original ambiguity. In this paper, we revisit GOU UOH with regard to two different sporting products: (1) domestic league and (2) knockout tournament games. Analyzing almost 1,500 German games, find support...

Despite the increasing internationalization of marketing activities by professional sporting clubs, previous research exploring role game outcome uncertainty (GOU) in spectator demand has been exclusively conducted within national contexts. As a consequence, very little is known about preferences international television (TV) spectators watching games from abroad. Hence, this study analyzes all 571 English Premier League (EPL) broadcast Germany between seasons 2011-2012 and 2015-2016 order...

In this article, we aim to contribute the ever-growing economic literature on determinants of football stadium attendance by exploring increasingly important yet underresearched phenomenon spectator no-show behavior. More specifically, analyze a panel data set containing unique information behavior observed in stadiums 25 Bundesliga and 2 clubs. Our results suggest that is primarily shaped explanatory factors related games’ quality aspects (e.g., an appearance superstars, away team rich...

Despite an extensive literature on stadium attendance demand, our understanding of those factors shaping spectator no-show behaviour is rudimentary at best. Here, we explore such by using a comprehensive two-step approach: First, examine the determinants in German Bundesliga between four seasons 2014–15 and 2017–18; Second, because initial results imply that more prominent among season ticket holders (STHs), exploit additional survey data to understand individual STH appearances better. Our...

We use a series of natural experiments in association football (soccer) to test whether the lack social pressure from spectators affected behaviour and outcomes. observe that normal advantage home team playing their own stadium was on average eroded when they played behind closed doors, with no supporters. Among various effects fans being present, visiting players were cautioned significantly less often by referees. This suggests doors matches are different because referees favour decision...

In this note, we consider early evidence regarding behavioural responses to an emerging public health emergency. We explore patterns in stadium attendance demand by exploiting match-level data from the Belarusian Premier League (BPL), a football competition that kept playing unrestricted front of spectators throughout global COVID-19 pandemic, unlike all other European professional sports leagues. observe Belarus declined significantly initial period maximum uncertainty. Surprisingly, then...

This study analyzes 400 broadcasts of Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) Formula One (F1) World Championship Grands Prix between 1993 and 2014 in order to explore the question whether race outcome uncertainty affects TV demand for F1 racing Germany. The results reveal that is shaped by as proxied performance differences those drivers with best performances during qualifying well additional factors primarily related Grand circuit scheduling. From a perspective, FIA, therefore,...

Abstract No‐show behavior, a distinct form of absenteeism, is often problematic, particularly in the service industry. Given growing relevance phenomenon industry, an increasing number researchers from such different disciplines as educational economics, healthcare management research, and sports economics have begun examining both potential antecedents measures to counteract no‐show recently. Although continuously body literature on behavior has been reviewed before, most previous attempts...

Purpose The purpose is to review literature on sports season ticket subscriptions distil current knowledge and guide future research practice. Design/methodology/approach A systematic conducted of tickets, a long-established innovative subscription category. Findings In-depth examination 28 papers showed focus drivers satisfaction, churn renewal causes, product utilisation rates. Subscription markets typically involve many “solely loyal” consumers, most purchasing one or two in From reduced...

Abstract In less than a decade, the Egyptian Premier League has experienced three distinct changes between periods of competition in either crowded or empty stadiums. We exploit this unique sequence natural experiments, to answer two questions neglected by still emerging literature on effects crowds behaviour and decision making. First, does reinstating supportive crowd after long period absence affect performances pitch? Second, is any reduced home advantage from competing stadiums robust...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the future professional soccer by 2025. Scientific foresight studies on industry do not yet exist despite its current position at a crossroads: toward further exploitation profit potential? Or clear commitment traditional European Model Sport? Design/methodology/approach authors conducted Delphi-based scenario study. In total, 62 high-level experts from sport, business, and society evaluated probability occurrence, impact, desirability 15...

Season ticket holders (STHs) are an integral part of the sporting product. Interestingly, and contrary to persistent interest in analysing determinants stadium attendances, sports economists have so far largely refrained from exploring potential STH loyalty as expressed through regular attendances. In this article, we address notable shortcoming by attendance demand. particular, examine yet under-researched role increasing opportunity costs resulting larger home-stadium distances Our results...

The analysis of stadium attendance demand has a long tradition in the economic literature. However, despite its evident merits, this previous research been critiqued at several levels, particular for relying on suboptimal proxy, i.e. published data. In short note, we address these shortcomings by exploring highly unique data set containing official information spectators' decisions whether or not to physically attend 704 German football Bundesliga games played between August 2014 and January 2017.

Public referenda have gained momentum as a democratic tool to legitimize public mega projects such hosting the Olympic Games. Interest groups in favour of Olympics therefore try influence voters through campaigns that primarily focus on economic benefits. However, recent studies find no or hardly any impact Olympics, instead providing evidence for positive social impact. This raises question whether citizens consider factors when deciding Olympics. Based representative survey data from 12...

We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether social pressure from home stadium crowd affected behaviour and outcomes. The standout effect an empty was that referees cautioned visiting players less often, by over third yellow card per match or once for every twenty-two fouls committed. Stadium crowds caused favour the team their decision making. Empty stadiums appear have reduced overall advantage final outcomes matches, but we cannot statistically...

Research question In this short article, we explore whether highly diversified professional football clubs, from an investor perspective, are better prepared for unpredictable global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic than undiversified clubs.Research methods We apply event study methodology to analyze stock returns of clubs during first wave pandemic.Results Analyzing a dataset comprising 5380 daily 21 publicly listed in Europe season 2019–20, our results suggest that investors preferred...

Research Question Women's sports have seen a trend of diversification recently, with women's and men's teams merging to form integrated football clubs. While such clubs (e.g. Paris Saint-Germain), in particular, determined the media headlines record attendances, governing bodies begun drafting policies accelerate strategic integrations. However, empirical evidence on whether (which may benefit from brand spillover effects, among other things) attract larger crowds their stadiums is limited...