ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase protein (IN) is essential for integration of the viral DNA into host cell chromosomes. Since IN expressed and assembled virions as part 160-kDa Gag-Pol precursor polyprotein catalyzes provirus in infected cells a mature 32-kDa protein, mutations are pleiotropic may affect replication at different stages life cycle addition to integration. Several phenotypes have been observed mutant viruses, including defects virion...

We have developed human cervicovaginal organ culture systems to examine the initiating events in HIV transmission after exposure various sources of infectivity, including semen. Newly infected cells were detected cervical submucosa 3–4 days a primary isolate. At earlier times, extensive and stable binding occurred when surfaces exposed virions or seminal cells. Cervical mucus provided some protection for endocervical surface, by physically trapping Confocal microscopy combined with 3D...

The vif gene of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV SIV) encodes a late product that is essential for viral infectivity in natural target cells. Virions produced the absence Vif are abnormal their ultrastructural morphology severely impaired ability to complete proviral DNA synthesis upon entry into new Because previous studies failed detect protein virus particles, believed influence indirectly, by affecting virion assembly, release, and/or maturation. In this report, we...

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are a class of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that utilize simple and predictable modality to recognize target DNA. This unique characteristic allows for the rapid assembly artificial TALEs, with high DNA binding specificity, any sequences creation customizable nucleases used in genome engineering. Here, we report use an TALE protein as convenient platform designing broad-spectrum resistance begomoviruses, one most destructive plant...

Abstract Plants utilize localized cell-surface and intracellular receptors to sense microbes activate the influx of calcium, which serves as an important second messenger in eukaryotes regulate cellular responses. However, mechanisms through plants decipher calcium immune responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger calcium-dependent phosphorylation CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G (CBP60g) Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)....

The genome of bluetongue virus, an orbivirus, consists 10 double-stranded RNAs, each encoding at least one polypeptide. smallest RNA segment (S10) encodes two minor nonstructural proteins, NS3 and NS3A, the structures functions which are not understood. We have expressed these proteins in mammalian cells by using T7 cytoplasmic transient expression system. Using a deletion mutant (lacking first AUG initiation codon), we demonstrated that second codon is used to initiate synthesis NS3A...

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV) is an economically significant that causes severe disease on several legume crops. Aside from recombination, other factors driving its rapid evolution are elusive. In this study, the synonymous codon pattern of CpMMV and shaping it were analyzed. Phylogeny nucleotide composition analyses showed isolates different geography or hosts had very similar compositions. Relative usage (RSCU) neutrality suggest prefers A/U-ending codons natural selection dominative...

Retroviral integrase (IN) is expressed and incorporated into virions as part of the Gag-Pol polyprotein precursor. IN catalyzes integration proviral DNA host cell chromosomes during early stages virus life cycle, a component Gag-Pol, it involved in virion morphogenesis late stages. It unknown whether scheme, conserved among retroviruses, for expressing incorporating precursor protein necessary its function infected after viral entry. We have developed human immunodeficiency (HIV)...

MINT‐6548876, MINT‐6548924: NS5B(Con1) (uniprotkb:Q9WMX2) and M2PK (uniprotkb:P14618) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416) MINT‐6548705: NS5B Δ 21(BK) (uniprotkb:P26663) physically interacts (MI:0218) with (uniprotkb:P52480) two hybrid (MI:0018) MINT‐6548722, MINT‐6548746: CM2PK binds (MI:0407) to pull down (MI:0096) MINT‐6548831: (Con1) anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006) MINT‐6548795: (uniprotkb:Q9WMX2)by tag (MI:0007) MINT‐6548852:

ABSTRACT Mutations in the IN domain of retroviral DNA may affect multiple steps virus life cycle, suggesting that protein have other functions addition to its integration function. We previously reported human immunodeficiency type 1 is required for efficient viral synthesis and this function requires specific interaction with components but not enzyme (integration) activity. In report, we characterized structure Moloney murine leukemia (MLV) synthesis. Using an MLV vector containing green...

Oral exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 results in systemic infection, but many details surrounding transmission remain unresolved. We developed a mucosal model, using palatine tonsil with intact external epithelium, study events after oral HIV. When applied the semen from an HIV-seropositive patient and cell-free both established HIV infection individual tonsillar cells. However, clusters of infected cells were detected where epithelial surface was damaged. Investigation...

The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Vpr and HIV-2 Vpx proteins package into virions through interactions with their cognate Gag polyprotein precursor. targeting properties of have been exploited to incorporate foreign by expression as heterologous fusion molecules (X. Wu, H.-M. Liu, H. Xiao, J. Kim, P. Seshaiah, G. Natsoulis, D. Boeke, B. Hahn, C. Kappes, Virol. 69:3389-3398, 1995). To explore the possibility utilizing target dominant negative mutants HIV Pol virions, we fused an...

The human endogenous retrovirus, type K (HERV-K) represents the most biologically active form of known retroelements present in genome. Several HERV-K genomes have transcriptionally open reading frames and encode their own protease (PR). PR has been shown to authentically cleave immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) matrix-capsid peptide presence HIV-1 inhibitors. This raised possibility that could complement function HIV-1-infected individuals. To investigate this possibility, we fused vpr gene...

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) protein augments the initiation of reverse transcription. Chimeric HIV-1 containing HIV-2 IN (SG3(IN2)) is severely impaired in infectivity and DNA synthesis. To analyze nature this defect, we infected T cells with chimeric SG3(IN2) by continuous passage cell culture selected for improved replication properties. Viruses from two different time points were chosen further analysis, an early culture-adapted (CF-65) that exhibited...

A variety of cellular factors participates in the HIV-1 life cycle. Among them is well characterized cyclin T1 (CYCT1). CycT1 binds to cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and forms positive transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb). P-TEFb then recruited by TAT long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter subsequently leads phosphorylation C-terminal domain RNA polymerase II (pol II), enhanced processivity pol II, a full-length RNA. In this study, we report identification new CYCT1 splice variant,...

Phytopathogens develop specialized infection-related structures to penetrate plant cells during infection. Different from phytopathogens that form appressoria or haustoria, the soil-borne root-infecting fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae forms hyphopodia infection, which further differentiate into penetration pegs promote The molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of hyphopodium formation in V. remain poorly characterized. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are highly conserved...

Integrase (IN) is the only retroviral enzyme necessary for integration of cDNA into host cell's chromosomes. The structure and function IN highly conserved. human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) has been shown to efficiently support 3' processing strand transfer HIV-1 DNA substrate in vitro. To determine whether HIV-2 protein (IN(2)) could substitute vivo, we used Vpr deliver IN(2) mutant virions by expression trans as a Vpr-IN fusion protein. Trans-complementation with markedly...

Myocardial hypertrophy is a common heart disease that closely associated with failure. The expression of F-box and WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBW7) significantly downregulated in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting it may possess an important function development. present study attempted to explore the role FBW7 Ang myocardial hypertrophic injury its mechanism action. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR western blotting were used determine levels H9C2 cells....

Zinc is one of the most important trace elements as it plays a vital role in many biological processes. As well, aberrant zinc metabolism has been implicated lipid-related metabolic diseases. Previously, we showed that antagonizes iron to regulate sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SREBP-SCD) pathway lipid model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, present identification another cation diffusion facilitator, CDF-1, which regulates along with...