Summary Predation plays a fundamental role in evolutionary processes, driving changes prey morphology, physiology and behaviour. With organisms being increasingly exposed to rapid environmental changes, there is growing interest understanding individual phenotypic plasticity response predation pressure. Behavioural physiological responses predator exposure are of particular as differences pressure often reflected correlated suites behavioural hormonal profiles across populations. Within...

Behavioural traits that co-vary across contexts or situations often reflect fundamental trade-offs which individuals experience in different (e.g. fitness between exploration and predation risk). Since males tend to greater variance reproductive success than females, there may be considerable benefits associated with "bolder" behavioural types, but only recently have researchers begun consider sex-specific life-history strategies these. Here we test the hypothesis male three-spined...

Most studies of collective animal behaviour rely on short-term observations, and comparisons across different species contexts are rare. We therefore have a limited understanding intra- interspecific variation in over time, which is crucial if we to understand the ecological evolutionary processes that shape behaviour. Here, study motion four species: shoals stickleback fish ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), flocks homing pigeons Columba livia herd goats Capra aegagrus hircus ) troop chacma...

Proximate mechanisms of ‘social ageing’, i.e. shifts in social activity and narrowing networks, are understudied. It is proposed that energetic deficiencies (which often seen older individuals) may restrict movement and, turn, sociality, but empirical tests these intermediary lacking. Here, we study wild chacma baboons ( Papio ursinus ), combining measures faecal triiodothyronine (fT3), a non-invasive proxy for energy availability, high-resolution GPS data (movement proximity) accelerometry...

Information on basic reproductive parameters and life-history traits is crucial for the understanding of primate evolution, ecology, social behavior, strategies. Here, we report 4 yr data wild female Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, northeastern Thailand. During 2 consecutive seasons, investigated behavior sexual swelling size in 16 females collected 1832 fecal samples. Using enzyme immunoassays, measured estrogen progesterone metabolites to assess...

Extended female sexuality in species living multimale-multifemale groups appears to enhance benefits from multiple males. Mating with many males, however, requires a low monopolizability, which is affected by the spatiotemporal distribution of receptive females. Ovarian cycle synchrony potentially promotes overlapping receptivity if fertile and periods are tightly linked. In primates, mating often decoupled hormonal control, hence reducing need for synchronizing ovarian events. Here, we test...

In numerous primates living in mixed-sex groups, females display probabilistic cues of fertility to simultaneously concentrate paternity dominant males while diluting it amongst others as a means reduce the risk infanticide and increase male care for offspring. A few species, however, lack these potentially conceal from males; yet, date, little is known about mating patterns their underlying proximate mechanisms such species. Here, we investigated activity sexual consortships relative female...

Humans have altered up to half of the world's land surface. Wildlife living within or close these human-modified landscapes are presented with opportunities and risks associated feeding on human-derived foods (e.g., agricultural crops food waste). Understanding whether how wildlife adapts is a major challenge, thousands studies published topic over past 10 years. In present article, we build established theoretical frameworks understand behavioral causes crop urban foraging by wildlife. We...

Collective behaviour has a critical influence on group social structure and organization, individual fitness evolution, but we know little about whether how it changes in anthropogenic environments. Here, show multiple varying effects of urban space-use upon group-level processes primate generalist—the chacma baboon ( Papio ursinus )—within managed wild population living at the edge City Cape Town, South Africa. In natural space, observe baboon-typical patterns collective behaviour. By...

Abstract How individuals in a group move relative to one another can influence both their survival and fitness. Spatial positioning has been well studied baboons (Papio spp.), which travel collectively line formations or "progressions". Early studies of baboon progressions presented contradictory findings on the progressions’ order – some reporting random individuals, while others non-random positioning, thought protect more vulnerable group-members. Here, we revisit this topic use...

Abstract Cortisol coregulation, which is the up- or down-regulation of partners’ physiological stress responses, has been described for individuals with strong attachment bonds, e.g. parents and their children romantic relationship partners. Research into moderating effects on cortisol coregulation suggests stronger covariation among distressed Whether unique to humans can also be found in other species that share universal features vertebrate response remains unexplored. Using a repeated...

Quantification of activity budgets is pivotal for understanding how animals respond to changes in their environment. Social grooming a key that underpins various social processes with consequences health and fitness. Traditional methods use direct (focal) observations calculate rates, providing systematic but sparse data. Accelerometers, contrast, can quantify continuously have not been used grooming. We test whether be accurately identified using machine learning (random forest model)...

Social bonds increase fitness in a range of mammals. One pathway by which social may is reducing the exposure to physiological stress, i.e. glucocorticoid (GC) hormones, that can be detrimental health and survival. This achieved through downregulating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis activity. Indeed, long-term measures (grooming) are often negatively correlated with HPA-axis However, proximate role physical touch allogrooming remains an open question sociality–health–fitness...

Ocean acidification (OA)—caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 )—is thought to be a major threat marine ecosystems and has been shown induce behavioural alterations in fish. Here we show resilience near-future OA commercially important migratory finfish, the Sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). were raised from eggs at 19°C ambient or (1000 µatm p CO ) conditions n = 270 fish observed 59–68 days post-hatch using automated tracking video. Fish reared under conditions, but...

For group-living animals to remain cohesive they must agree on where travel. Theoretical models predict shared group decisions should be favoured, and a number of empirical examples support this. However, the behavioural mechanisms that underpin decision-making are not fully understood. Groups may achieve consensus direction by active communication individual preferences (i.e. voting), or responding each other's orientation movement copying). example, African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer )...

Abstract The presence of wildlife adjacent to and within urban spaces is a growing phenomenon globally. When wildlife’s in has negative impacts for people wildlife, nonlethal lethal interventions on animals invariably result. Recent evidence suggests that individuals wild animal populations vary both their propensity use space response management methods. Understanding such interindividual differences the drivers could help inform strategies. We direct observation high-resolution GPS (1 Hz)...

Wildlife movement in urban environments can differ significantly from that natural due to intrinsic factors (individual phenotype) as well extrinsic (such changes the landscape and increased interactions with people). Here, we used tracking collars equipped 1 Hz GPS investigate variation fine-scale step lengths, path tortuosity residence times) of chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, across Cape Town, South Africa. We showed baboons exhibited limited interindividual differences average (intrinsic...

Abstract Many animal personality traits have implicit movement‐based definitions and can directly or indirectly influence ecological evolutionary processes. It has therefore been proposed that movement studies could benefit from acknowledging studying consistent interindividual differences (personality), and, conversely, adopt a more quantitative representation of patterns. Using high‐resolution tracking data three‐spined stickleback fish ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) , we examined the...

Abstract Modern studies of animal movement use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to estimate animals’ distance traveled. The temporal resolution GPS fixes recorded should match those behavior interest; otherwise estimates are likely be inappropriate. Here, we investigate how different sampling intervals affect estimated daily travel distances for wild chacma baboons ( Papio ursinus ). By subsampling data collected at one fix per second 143 (12 over 11–12 days), found that less frequent...