The paper presents Tendermint, a new protocol for ordering events in distributed network under adversarial conditions. More commonly known as Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus or atomic broadcast, the problem has attracted significant attention recent years due to widespread success of blockchain-based digital currencies, such Bitcoin and Ethereum, which successfully solved public setting without central authority. Tendermint modernizes classic academic work on subject simplifies...

Implementations of state machine replication are prevalently using variants Paxos or other leader-based protocols. Typically these protocols also leader-centric, in the sense that leader performs more work than non-leader replicas. Such scale poorly, because as number replicas load on system increases, replica quickly reaches limits one its resources. In this paper we show much performed by a leader-centric protocol can fact be evenly distributed among all replicas, thereby leaving only with...

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in arteries. It dysfunction endothelium vasculitis, lipid, cholesterol, cell inside blood vessel wall. In this study, continuum-based approach for plaque formation development 3-D presented. The flow simulated Navier-Stokes equations, together with continuity equation while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport lumen coupled Kedem-Katchalsky equations. inflammatory process was solved...

Computational fluid dynamics methods based on in vivo 3-D vessel reconstructions have recently been identified the influence of wall shear stress endothelial cells as well vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting different events such flow mediated vasodilatation, atherosclerosis, and remodeling. Development image-based modeling technologies for simulating patient-specific local blood flows is introducing a novel approach to risk prediction coronary plaque growth progression. In this study,...

The paper proposes a new state machine replication protocol for the partially synchronous system model with Byzantine faults. algorithm, called BFT-Mencius, guarantees that latency of updates initiated by correct processes is eventually upper-bounded, even in presence processes. BFTMencius based on communication primitive, Abortable Timely Announced Broadcast (ATAB), and does not use signatures. We evaluate performance BFT-Mencius cluster settings, show it provides bounded good throughput,...

Vascular endothelial cells are continuously exposed to hemodynamic shear stress. Intensity and type of stress highly relevant vascular physiology pathology. Here, we modeled distribution in a tissue culture well (R = 17.5 mm, fill volume 2 ml) under orbital translation using computational fluid dynamics with the finite element method. Free surface distribution, wall stress, inclination angle, drag force, oscillatory index on bottom were modeled. Obtained results predict nonuniform during...

Computer simulations based on the finite element method represent powerful tools for modeling blood flow through arteries. However, due to its computational complexity, this approach may be inappropriate when results are needed quickly. In order reduce time, in paper, we proposed an alternative machine learning calculation of wall shear stress (WSS) distribution, which play important role mechanisms related initiation and development atherosclerosis. capture relationships between geometric...

Tendermint is the replication engine at core of Cosmos, a network proof-of-stake blockchains. In lifespan blockchains, Cosmos and are mature technologies, currently used by more than hundred businesses deployed hundreds nodes. The system was designed to provide flexible deployment despite heterogeneous environments, scale performance with number nodes, tolerate misbehaving participants. this practical experience report, we overview Tendermint's main design goals architecture, present...

We introduce Distal, a new framework that simplifies turning pseudocode of fault tolerant distributed algorithms into efficient executable code. Without proper tool support, even small amounts normally ends up in several thousands non-trivial lines Java or C++. Distal is implemented as library Scala and consists two main parts: domain specific language (DSL) which are expressed an messaging layer deals with low level issues such connection management, threading (de)serialization. The DSL...

We investigate the reduction of atomic broadcast to consensus in systems with Byzantine faults. Among several definitions that differ only by their validity property, we identify those equivalent broadcast. Finally, give first deterministic a constant time complexity respect consensus.

The paper proposes a generic consensus algorithm that highlights the basic and common features of known algorithms. parameters encapsulate core differences between various algorithms, including leader-based leader-free addressing benign faults, authenticated Byzantine faults faults. This leads to identification three classes With proposed classification, Paxos PBFT indeed belong same class, while FaB belongs different class. Interestingly, classification allowed us identify new requires n >...

This paper studies non-cryptographic authenticated broadcast in radio networks subject to malicious failures. We introduce two protocols that address this problem. The first, NeighborWatchRB, makes use of a novel strategy which honest devices monitor their neighbors for behavior. Second, we present more robust variant, MultiPathRB, tolerates the maximum possible density per region, using an elaborate voting strategy. also new proof technique show both ensure asymptotically optimal running time.

Objectives The study aimed to identify differences and compare anatomical biomechanical features between elective ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Methods Data (clinical, anatomical, biomechanical) of 98 patients with AAA, 75 (76.53%) asymptomatic (Group aAAA) 23 (23.46%) AAA rAAA), were prospectively collected analyzed. Anatomical, morphological, imaging markers like peak wall stress (PWS) rupture risk equivalent diameter (RRED), comorbid conditions, demographics compared the...

Tendermint is a deterministic consensus protocol and one of the most mature implementations its kind. This implementation used as core for building State Machine Replication (SMR) platforms with Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) guarantees. A noteworthy deployment has been in continuous operation since 2019 within blockchain called Cosmos Hub. The Hub supports development decentralized applications, stands largest stable ongoing deployments BFT SMR platform.While successful practice, no...

In Tendermint blockchains, the proof-of-stake mechanism and underlying consensus algorithm entail a dynamic fault model that implies active validators (nodes sign blocks) may change over time, quorum of these is assumed to be correct only for limited period time (called trusting period). The changes validator set are under control blockchain application, committed in every block. order check what state application at some height h, one needs know so can verify corresponding digital...

This study describes computer simulation of blood flow and plaque progression pattern in a patient who underwent surgical treatment for infected carotid prosthetic tube graft using carotid–carotid cross-over bypass. The 3D is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, together with continuity equation. Mass transfer within lumen through arterial wall coupled modelled convection–diffusion Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport vessel described Kedem–Katchalsky equations. inflammatory process...

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in arteries. It dysfunction endothelium, vasculitis lipid, cholesterol cell inside blood vessel wall. In this study continuum based approach for plaque formation development three-dimension presented. The flow simulated three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, together with continuity equation while LDL transport lumen coupled Kedem-Katchalsky equations. inflammatory process was solved...

A decision task is a distributed input-output problem in which each process starts with its input value and eventually produces output value. Examples of such tasks are broad range from consensus to reliable broadcast lattice agreement. protocol solves if it enables processes produce admissible values despite arbitrary (Byzantine) failures. Unfortunately, has been known for decades that many cannot be solved the system overly corrupted, i.e., safety protocols solving can violated unlucky...

Cochlea is important part of the hearing system, and thanks to special structure converts external sound waves into neural impulses which go brain. Shape cochlea like snail, so geometry model complex. The simplified coiled was developed using finite element method inside SIFEM FP7 project. Software application created on way that user can prescribe set parameters for spiral cochlea, as well material properties boundary conditions model. Several mathematical models were tested. acoustic wave...

Gossip-based consensus protocols have been recently proposed to confront the challenges faced by state machine replication in large geographically distributed systems. It is unclear, however, which extent and gossip communication fit together. On one hand, has shown scale settings efficiently handle participant failures message losses. other may slow down consensus. Moreover, gossip's inherent redundancy be unnecessary since naturally accounts for This paper investigates suitability of as a...