Various toxic compounds disrupt bacterial physiology. While bacteria harbor defense mechanisms to mitigate the toxicity, these are often coupled physiological state of cells and become ineffective when physiology is severely disrupted.

Abstract For in vivo , single-cell imaging bacterial cells are commonly immobilised via physical confinement or surface attachment. Different attachment methods have been used both for atomic force and optical microscopy (including super resolution), some reported to affect physiology. However, a systematic comparison of the effects these on physiology is lacking. Here we present such bacterium Escherichia coli assess growth rate, size intracellular pH growing attached different, used,...

Maintaining intracellular homeostases is a hallmark of life, and key physiological variables, such as cytoplasmic pH, osmotic pressure, proton motive force (PMF), are typically interdependent. Using mathematical model, we argue that near neutral pH homeostasis implies cells must export ions other than protons to generate electrical potential across their plasma membrane. For Escherichia coli , proton:ion antiporters the only known cation efflux pumps, therefore predict principal function an...

Abstract The bacterial flagellar motor enables bacteria to swim by rotating helical filaments that form a bundle at the back of cell. Escherichia coli ’s uses energy stored in proton motive force (PMF) generate torque driving this rotation. Until now, speed was thought be proportional PMF, irrespective viscous load. Here, we show PMF-speed proportionality saturates high load and and, thus, relationship is nonlinear regime. Furthermore, free swimming occurs close or within saturated regime,...

Maintaining intracellular homeostases is a hallmark of life, and works to maintain multiple interconnected electrophysiological variables, such as near-neutral pH sufficient electrochemical gradient protons, the so-called proton motive force (PMF). To generate latter, relies on central metabolism move protons out cell, where in its preferred extracellular environments this not enough achieve reported physiological PMF values. Using mathematical modeling, we predict that also uses proton-ion...

The speed of bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is measured with back-focal-plane interferometry. Heavily attenuated optical trap (855 nm laser) used to detect the rotation a polystyrene bead attached truncated filament. Time course recorded position-sensitive detector.

ABSTRACT For in vivo , single-cell imaging bacterial cells are commonly immobilised via physical confinement or surface attachment. Different attachment methods have been used both for atomic force and optical microscopy (including super resolution), some reported to affect physiology. However, a systematic comparison of the effects these on physiology is lacking. Here we present such bacterium Escherichia coli assess growth rate, size intracellular pH growing attached different, used,...

Preparation of our standard tunnel-slide, used for BFM speed measurements and experiments involving rapid media exchange.

Single-cell in vivo cytoplasmic pH measurments with genetically encoded pHluorin sensor

Objectives: Purpose of the study evaluation cosmetic effect using patches by company “Aganyan” for facial rejuvenation. Materials and Methods: The was carried out in 106 participants with presence perioral wrinkles skin. Participants applied four (2 copper 2 zinc) on face area crosswise according to instructions. were eight hours every third day three months. Perioral assessed comparing photographs at beginning end each individual case. efficacy International Global Aesthetic Improvement...

Abstract Since bacteria lack a nucleus, the location of mRNA molecules is determined by different characteristics encoded proteins, and transcriptome spatially arranged into cytosolic membrane-associated mRNA. While translation membrane protein-encoding has been studied in great mechanistic detail using biochemical methods, spatiotemporal dynamics this process remains poorly understood at subcellular level. Here, we investigate individual fluorescently labelled encoding transmembrane serine...