Program comprehension processes have previously been studied using methodologies such as think-aloud or summary analysis. Eye-tracking, however, has not widely applied to studies of behavioral aspects programming. We present a study in which program was investigated with help remote eye-tracker. Novice and intermediate programmers used visualization tool aid their while the location fixations, fixation durations attention switching between areas interest were recorded.In this paper 1) we...

Code reading is an important skill in programming. Inspired by the linearity that people exhibit while natural language text reading, we designed local and global gaze-based measures to characterize (left-to-right top-to-bottom) source code. Unlike text, code executable requires a specific approach. To validate these measures, compared eye movements of novice expert programmers who were asked read comprehend short snippets Java programs. Our results show novices less linearly than text....

Interaction intent prediction and the Midas touch have been a longstanding challenge for eye-tracking researchers users of gaze-based interaction. Inspired by machine learning approaches in biometric person authentication, we developed tested an offline framework task-independent interaction intents. We describe principles method, features extracted, normalization methods, evaluation metrics. systematically evaluated proposed approach on example dataset gaze-augmented problem-solving...

Code reading is an important skill in programming. Inspired by the linearity that people exhibit while natural language text reading, we designed local and global gaze-based measures to characterize (left-to-right top-to-bottom) source code. Unlike text, code executable requires a specific approach. To validate these measures, compared eye movements of novice expert programmers who were asked read comprehend short snippets Java programs. Our results show novices less linearly than text....

The methodology of eye tracking has been gradually making its way into various fields science, assisted by the diminishing cost associated technology. In an international collaboration to open up prospect movement research for programming educators, we present a case study on program comprehension and preliminary analyses together with some useful tools.

We analyze the Computing Education Research (CER) literature to discover what theories, conceptual models and frameworks recent CER builds on. This gives rise a broad understanding of theoretical basis that is useful for researchers working in area, has potential help develop its own identity as an independent field study.

As collaborative learning in general, and pair programming particular, has become widely adopted computer science education, so the use of pedagogical visualization tools for facilitating collaboration. However, there is little theory on with visualization, few studies their effect each other. We build concept engagement taxonomy extend it to classify finer variations that result from a tool. analyze applicability description differences collaboration process when used. Our hypothesis...

We propose a person authentication system using eye movement signals. In security scenarios, eye-tracking has earlier been used for gaze-based password entry. A few authors have also physical features of signals in task-dependent scenario with matched training and test samples. implement task-independent whereby the samples can be arbitrary. use short-term gaze direction to construct feature vectors which are modeled Gaussian mixtures. The results suggest that there personspecific movements...

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of research papers in computing education. While previous has explored what is being done education, this project explores how that done. We present our classification system, then the results applying it to from all five years ICER. find subset education more common with information systems than computer science or software engineering; and published at ICER generally appear conform specified requirements.

Differences between visual attention strategies of experts and novices have been investigated in many fields, but little has done the field microneurosurgery. In hands an experienced surgeon, microneurosurgery seems like elegant, routine clean procedure with minimal blood loss. However, is a multifaceted task clinical risks associated to surgeons' skills. preliminary study, eye movements eight surgeons were recorded while observing four images representing phases tumor removal surgery. A...

ABSTRACT Proficient use of multiple fingers across both hands enables complex interactions with the world. Developing dexterity for delicate bimanual tasks can take weeks to years master. This study examines whether a simple mechanical abstraction enhance response times visual stimuli using index and thumbs. A plate placed over buttons was introduced shift task conceptualization—rather than pressing buttons, subjects rocked them. Following this augmentation, we observed improved performance...

It is still unknown whether the very application of gaze for interaction has effects on cognitive strategies users employ and how these materialize. We conducted a between-subject experiment in which thirty-six participants interacted with computerized problem-solving game using one three modalities: dwell-time, gaze-augmented interaction, conventional mouse. observed each modalities affected performance, problem solving strategies, user experience. Users outperformed other groups several...

The focus of the research in human-computer interaction (HCI) continues to expand. One example this is growing interest national and ethnic culture as a topic. In review, we examine emerging field cultural HCI by systematically analysing culture-related literature from five major forums past sixteen years. We on methodology, technologies cultures covered, theoretical underpinnings referencing practices. also discuss problems found basis review provide perspectives future into issues.

The challenges in empirical eye-tracking studies of usability or complex problem solving include 1) how to effectively analyze the data, and 2) interpret relate resulting measures user cognitive processing. We conducted a reanalysis data from recent study that involved programmers two experience groups debugging program with help multiple representations. proportional fixation time on each area interest (AOI), frequency visual attention switches between areas, type switch were investigated...

In this study we empirically investigate the claim that articles published in computer science education journals are more methodologically sound than conference proceedings. A random sample of 352 was selected from those major forums between 2000 and 2005. Each article then coded terms five indicators methodological quality. It found there were no practically or statistically significant differences proceedings on any One implication finding is who evaluate academic output researchers...

While knowledge about reading behavior in natural-language text is abundant, little known the visual attention distribution when source code of computer programs. Yet, this important for teaching programming skills as well designing IDEs and languages. We conducted a study which 15 programmers with various expertise read short codes recorded their eye movements. In order to on elements, we introduced following procedure: First (pre)-processed movement data using log-transformation. Taking...

This paper reports on a study which compared two tools for tracking the focus of visual attention - remote eye tracker and Restricted Focus Viewer (RFV). The RFV tool blurs stimuli in order to simulate human vision; user controls portion screen is with computer mouse. Both were used by eighteen participants debugging three Java programs ten minutes each. results terms accuracy behavior using restricting view condition measuring as factors.

When using a multiparty video mediated system, interacting participants assume range of various roles and exhibit behaviors according to how engaged in the communication they are. In this paper we focus on estimation conversational engagement from gaze signal. particular, present an annotation scheme for engagement, statistical analysis behavior across varying levels classify vectors computed eye tracking measures. The results show that 74% cases level can be correctly classified into either...