A novel, fast unblocking scheme for distance protection to identify symmetrical faults occurring during power swings has been proposed in this paper. First of all, the change rate three-phase active and reactive being cosine function sine with respect phase difference between two systems demonstrated. In case, they cannot be lower than threshold 0.7 after are normalized. However, will level off 0 when a fault occurs swings. Thereafter, cross-blocking is conceived on basis analysis. By virtue...

Recent progress in single channel full-duplex (SC-FD) radio design [1]-[4] has attracted the attention of many researchers. A SC-FD transceiver is capable transmitting and receiving on same frequency at time, which will have a great impact performance current wireless networks that are based half duplex designs. This paper analyzes effects adopting enabled base stations cellular system with legacy mobile stations. We use multi-cell analytical model stochastic geometry to derive theoretical...

In this paper, we propose a relative channel estimation error (RCEE) metric, and derive closed-form expressions for its expectation $\rm {Exp}_{rcee}$ the achievable uplink rate holding any number of base station antennas $M$, with least squares (LS) minimum mean squared (MMSE) methods. It is found that RCEE converge to same constant value when $M\rightarrow\infty$, resulting in pilot power allocation (PPA) substantially simplified PPA algorithm proposed minimize average per user total...

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging technique for treating tumors. Especially, topical administration of photosensitizers (PSs) more favorable superficial tumor treatments with low systematic phototoxicity. Yet, ineffective migration PSs to targeted tissues and rapid consumption O 2 during PDT greatly limit their effects. Herein, PS‐loaded microneedle (MN) patches propellant a deeper faster transdermal delivery PS improved by embedding sodium percarbonate (SPC) into dissolving...

The possibility of nonoperation second-harmonic restraint differential protection in the case internal faults power transformers was studied. smaller setting for harmonic restraint, longer will likely be time delay operation relay. To study this aspect, various and inrush conditions were tested on a physical model three-phase transformer laboratory. data analyzed by different algorithms. Based results these studies, modified schemes improved are presented.< <ETX...

Vulnerable transmission lines or sections have great impacts on large-scale blackouts and cascading failures in power grids. A comprehensive scheme to study vulnerability based the fault chain theory of security science is proposed this paper. In scheme, failure process its generic features are described according a chain. Power flow transfer, sequent overload lines, damage modeled normalized predict all chains. On basis chains, new assessment index presented identify critical contributing...

In this paper, we firstly derive two approximations of the achievable uplink rate with perfect/imperfect channel state information (CSI) in cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, and all these are not only simple, but also converge into classical bounds achieved conventional MIMO systems where base-station (BS) antennas co-located. It is worth noting that obtained perfect CSI could be regarded as special cases imperfect when pilot sequence power becomes infinite,...

Federated learning (FL) is promising in enabling large-scale model training by massive devices without exposing their local datasets. However, due to limited wireless resources, traditional cloud-based FL system suffers from the bottleneck of communication overhead core network. Fueled this issue, we consider a hierarchical and formulate joint problem edge aggregation interval control resource allocation minimize weighted sum loss latency. To quantify performance, an upper bound average...

This paper proposes a modified empirical-mode decomposition (EMD) filtering-based adaptive dynamic phasor estimation algorithm for the removal of exponentially decaying dc offset. Discrete Fourier transform does not have ability to attain accurate fundamental frequency component in digital protective relays under system fault conditions because characteristic offset is consistent. EMD fully data-driven, model-based, filtering procedure extracting signal components. But original technique has...

This article analyzes the channel estimation performance of massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems with Ricean fading. First, by utilizing least squares (LSs) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) methods, we consider relative (RCEE) between IoT device base-station, provide approximations expectation RCEE ( Exp <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rcee</sub> ). Then, it is found that when number...

Abstract Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes neurological disorders and organ damage in diseased animals. After initial infection, PRV activity is gradually inhibited; however, stress stimulation increases the host’s glucocorticoid levels, which overcomes inhibition of activity. Curcumin (Cur) helps maintain inhibitory state Epstein-Barr virus, although further research needed to establish whether Cur can prevent activation triggered by hormones. In this study, we used PC-12 cells determine...

Based on the comprehensive analyses of existing current differential protection criterion, a new type adaptive restraint coefficient-based criterion is put forward in line with variety fault conditions. The coefficient this can be adaptively adjusted according to operation and conditions system. In case, guarantee stability during external faults. Taking into account increasing applications extremely high voltage or even ultra-high transmission systems, work performed paper provided better...

Preamble collision is a bottleneck that impairs the performance of random access (RA) user equipment (UE) in grant-free RA (GFRA). In this paper, by leveraging distributed massive multiple input output (mMIMO) together with machine learning, novel learning based framework solution proposed to address preamble problem GFRA. The key idea identify and employ neighboring points (APs) collided UE for its data decoding rather than all APs, so mutual interference among UEs can be effectively...

Human reliability analysis (HRA) is necessary for system safety assessment as well equipment analysis. The cognitive and error method (CREAM) a representative HRA provides nine common performance conditions (CPCs) to represent the contextual under which given action performed. With scarcity of empirical data, high uncertainty in analyzing results produced by subjective judgment. To obtain more objective effective results, this paper presents an optimized quantification evaluate human...

Setting the pickup current and slope of differential relays power transformer protection is a well‐known compromise. It has been focus study to improve both security sensitivity recently. However, it difficult achieve high degree at same time by conventional percentage restraint criteria based on fixed predetermined characteristic curve. Therefore novel adaptive criterion proposed in this study, which can self‐regulate parameters (e.g. current, coefficient knee point characteristic) basis...

Intelligent-responsive imaging-therapy strategy has shown great significance for biomedicine. However, it is still a challenge to construct spatiotemporally controlled systems triggered by near infrared (NIR) light. In this work, NIR-light-activated ratiometric fluorescent hybrid micelles (RFHM) are prepared via the co-assembly of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), doxorubicin (DOX), and UV-light-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer imaging chemotherapy. Upon NIR light irradiation, UCNPs...

A criterion of dual-window transient energy ratio (ER) to improve the adaptability self-adaptive autoreclosure transmission line is proposed. The redundancy setting can be enhanced in comparison with single-window energy. To effectively extract high-frequency voltages, a novel concept close-opening - open-closing morphological gradient (COOCG) put forward. Compared multiresolution morphology transform, COOCG has lower unbalanced output when processing steady-state signal; therefore,...

In this paper, we propose admission control and power optimization algorithms for Device-to-Device (D2D) communication which share uplink resources with cellular system in underlay mode. the presence of quality service (QoS) protection (both D2D users) transmit limit, a set-based (SAC) algorithm some novel strategies sets adjustment are presented to handle violations constraints. By using SAC, get set contains admitted links (DLs) as many possible, other DLs rejected, but capacity is not...

As cellular networks are turning into a platform for ubiquitous data access, operators facing severe capacity crisis due to the exponential growth of traffic generated by mobile users. In this work, we investigate benefits sharing infrastructure and spectrum among two operators. Specifically, provide multi-cell analytical model using stochastic geometry identify performance gain under different strategies, which gives tractable accurate results. To validate realistic setting, conduct...