Sand fly saliva plays an important role in Leishmania transmission. We characterized the host antibody response to from 3 sand species. Specific IgG was observed sera experimentally bitten mice as well individuals living endemic area of tropica Sanliurfa, Turkey. Sera Sanliurfa inhabitants showed high levels against Phlebotomus sergenti and P. papatasi, 2 most abundant species this area, but did not react with New World fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis. Patients active Le. lesions possessed...

The feeding success of sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) is linked to the vast array pharmacological substances in their saliva, which interferes with host haemostasis and immune response.Modification site plays also an important role Leishmania transmission.In naive hosts, co-inoculation saliva parasites increases chance successful transmission.Disease exacerbation seems be associated enhanced production type 2 cytokines selective inhibition some macrophage functions including NO H O .On...

Abstract Background Sand fly saliva plays an important role in blood feeding and Leishmania transmission as it was shown to increase parasite virulence. On the other hand, immunity salivary components impedes establishment of infection. Therefore, is most desirable gain a deeper insight into composition sand species which serve vectors various forms leishmaniases. In present work, we focused on Phlebotomus (Adlerius) arabicus , recently transmit tropica causative agent cutaneous...

Phlebotomine sand flies are blood-sucking insects that can transmit Leishmania parasites. Hosts bitten by develop an immune response against fly salivary antigens. Specific anti-saliva IgG indicate the exposure to vector and may also help estimate risk of spp. transmission. In this study, we examined canine antibody saliva Phlebotomus perniciosus, main infantum in Mediterranean Basin, characterized antigens species.Sera dogs P. perniciosus under experimental conditions naturally exposed a L....

Human visceral (VL, also known as Kala-azar) and cutaneous (CL) leishmaniasis are important infectious diseases affecting countries in East Africa that remain endemic several regions of Ethiopia. The transmission epidemiology the disease is complicated due to complex life cycle parasites involvement various Leishmania spp., sand fly vectors, reservoir animals besides human hosts. Particularly Africa, role reservoirs for VL remains unclear. Isolation donovani from naturally infected rodents...

Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is considered an anthroponosis; however, Leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in L. foci, and the role of these as reservoirs for human infection remains unclear. We conducted a study domestic (goats, sheep, cows, dogs, donkeys) three foci northwestern Ethiopia. Domestic were screened DNA anti-L. IgG. Serum anti-sand fly saliva antibodies used marker exposure to vector sand fly, Phlebotomus orientalis. Of 546...

Phlebotomus tobbi is a vector of Leishmania infantum, and P. sergenti tropica. Le. infantum tropica typically cause visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, but strains transmitted by can disease. To better understand the components possible implications sand fly saliva in transcriptomes salivary glands (SGs) these two species were sequenced, characterized compared.cDNA libraries female SGs constructed, analyzed. Clones (1,152) randomly picked from each library, producing 1,142...

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum is transmitted from dogs to humans sand flies and Lutzomyia longipalpis a major vector of this disease. We studied the antibody response in experimentally exposed L. females characterize fly salivary antigens recognized canine sera find out whether level specific anti-saliva antibodies reflects intensity exposure. Sera repeatedly bitten revealed up six protein bands with approximate molecular weight 66, 55, 45, 37–39, 34, 25...

Background Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites. During blood feeding, deposit into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit specific antibody responses. These anti-saliva antibodies enable an estimate exposure to and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also risk for infections. However, use whole gland homogenates as antigen has several limitations, and therefore, recombinant have been tested replace them detection assays. In this study, we used first...

Background In East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of Leishmania donovani, causative agent visceral leishmaniasis (VL). is present at two distant localities in Ethiopia; Addis Zemen where VL endemic and Melka Werer transmission does not occur. To find out whether difference epidemiology due to compositions P. saliva we established colonies from Werer, analyzed compared transcriptomes, proteomes enzymatic activity salivary glands. Methodology/Principal Findings Two...

Phlebotomine sand flies are blood-sucking insects transmitting Leishmania parasites. In bitten hosts, fly saliva elicits specific immune response and the humoral immunity was shown to reflect intensity of exposure. Thus, anti-saliva antibodies were suggested as potential risk marker transmission. this study, we examined long-term kinetics persistence anti-Phlebotomus papatasi antibody in BALB/c C57BL/6 mice. We also tested reactivity mice sera with P. salivary antigens recombinant...

Background Phlebotomus perniciosus is the main vector in western Mediterranean area of protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, causative agent canine and human visceral leishmaniases. Infected dogs serve as a reservoir disease, therefore measuring exposure to sand fly bites important for estimating risk L. infantum transmission. In bitten hosts, saliva elicits specific antibody response that reflects intensity exposure. As screening anti-saliva antibodies limited by availability salivary...

Saliva inoculated by sandfly females during feeding stimulated production of high levels anti-saliva antibodies. To determine whether 3 species the genus Phlebotomus have species-specific salivary antigens we performed dot-blots and immunoblots using sera from mice, hamsters rabbits repeatedly bitten sandflies. Important differences were found in antigen components gland lysates (SGL) papatasi, P. perniciosus halepensis. In total 4–9 detected each immunoblotting. Cross-reactivity was not...

Leishmania parasites are inoculated into host skin together with sand fly saliva and multiple exposures to uninfected bites protect mice against infection. However, vectors differ in composition of the therefore protection elicited by their salivary proteins was shown be species-specific. On other hand, optimal vaccine based on should conserved conferring cross-reactivity. In present study we focused cross-protective properties from Phlebotomus papatasi duboscqi, two natural major. Two...

Background Certain salivary proteins of phlebotomine sand flies injected into the host skin during blood-feeding are highly antigenic and elicit strong antibody-mediated immune responses in repeatedly-exposed hosts. These antibodies can be measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assays (ELISAs) using gland homogenates (SGHs) as source antigens serve a markers for exposure to biting flies. Large-scale screening anti-sand fly saliva requires replacement SGH with recombinant proteins. In East...

SUMMARY Saliva of sand flies ( Diptera: Phlebotominae ) plays an important role in transmission Leishmania parasites by modulating host immune response. However, because the different protein compositions saliva, immunomodulatory effects may vary among fly species. We have therefore analysed and compared immunomodulation salivary gland lysate (SGL) three flies. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice were incubated with SGL Phlebotomus papatasi , P. sergenti or Lutzomyia longipalpis . Concanavalin...

Sand flies are bloodsucking insects transmitting parasites of genus Leishmania, the causative agents diseases in humans and dogs. Experimental hosts repeatedly exposed to sand fly saliva can control Leishmania infection. Cell-mediated anti-saliva immune response is most likely responsible for this protective effect; however, there no study so far concerning its antigenic specificity towards different vectors. In study, splenocytes from BALB/c mice bites Phlebotomus sergenti were challenged...

Yellow-related proteins (YRPs) present in sand fly saliva act as affinity binders of bioamines, and help the to complete a bloodmeal by scavenging physiological signals damaged cells. They are also main antigens their recombinant form is used marker host exposure flies. Moreover, several salivary plasmids coding these induce strong immune response hosts bitten flies being design protecting vaccines against Leishmania parasites. In this study, thirty two 3D models different yellow-related...