High modulus poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared by employing a novel reactive compatibilizer, 10-[3,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)phenoxy]decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (IP10TP), which was designed to link the layered PET matrix through covalent and ionic bonds. The obtained showed 70% higher flexural than raw at maximum.

The statistics of energy transfer is studied by using the data a series high-resolution direct numerical simulations incompressible homogeneous turbulence in periodic box with Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number R λ and grid points up to approximately 1130 4096 3 , respectively. show that T across wave k highly intermittent skewness S flatness F increase as ∝( L ) α inertial subrange, where ∼2/3, ∼1 characteristic length scale containing eddies. comparison between dissipation rate ε its...

We studied the behaviors of contrast in backscattered electron (BSE) images cross-sectional heat-treated steel under various accelerating voltages and take-off angles. Changes these conditions resulted dramatic changes contrast. Low voltage low angle improved surface information channeling contrast, whereas high enhanced bulk reduced resulting Z Such behavior can be understood by ratio low-loss electrons (LLEs), which are related to inelastic BSE components detected. The distribution varies...

The contrasts in backscattered electron (BSE) images, such as topographic, channeling and mean atomic number (Z) contrasts, were investigated quantitatively from the cross section of a heat-treated steel sheet using scanning microscope (SEM). High primary energy (EP) enhances Z contrast, whereas low EP improves contrast. A high take-off angle (θ; measured specimen surface) also θ When becomes very low, topographic information is enhanced superimposed on contrast due to tilt effect BSE....

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) yield x-ray absorption fine structures (XAFS) have been investigated in terms of quantitative analysis for steel sheets containing 31–2100 ppm Nb. Nb concentrations the samples were determined with high accuracy from height K-edge jump. The detection limit was estimated down to single digit range. combination this technique conventional extended structure (EXAFS) an identical XAFS spectrum provides both quantity and chemical state information trace elements given...

The mechanism of field emission from a highly P-doped diamond (111) surface has been studied by field/photo electron micro-spectroscopy. It was found that peaks were located at -3 to -6 eV with respect the substrate Fermi level (EF) and photoemission -1 +2 EF. Comparing this knowledge work function affinity sample, elucidated. Namely, emitted electrons are tunnel-emitted states around EF there is large amount resistive potential drop site.

The influence of the Mn content Si-added steel sheets on Fe-Zn galvannealing reaction was investigated. Three sheets, 1.5 mass%Si-1.4, 1.9 and 2.7 mass%Mn, were annealed in a 10vol%H2-90vol%N2 atmosphere. Si oxides analyzed by reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry. SiO2 Mn2SiO4 formed as selective at surface after recrystallization annealing. ratio oxide species changed depending steel. When lower,...

Surface reconstructions and surface decomposition of 6H-SiC(0001) covered with Si were observed using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The 3×3 structure terminated atoms was obtained by annealing at 1050°C; this changed to a mixture the graphite 1×1 SiC 6×6 1300°C. consisted two types lattices, rotated 30° respect lattice along lattice. C atoms. RHEED spots due double between (02) spot observed. thickness layer area region increased...

The surface energy band diagrams and the electron affinity of hydrogen-terminated oxygen-terminated highly phosphorous-doped single crystal diamond (111) surfaces have been studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary X-ray spectroscopy photoemission micro-spectroscopy. A boron-doped (001) was used as a reference diagram. H-terminated heavily P-doped determined to be 0.2 ± 0.15 eV, thus close zero. O-terminated 0.0 can negative. However, bands for two samples were found large...

The contrasts in backscattered electron (BSE) images were studied from the cross section of a heat‐treated steel sheet using scanning microscope (SEM) equipped with conventional annular BSE detector. taken at various primary energies ( E p ) and take‐off angles θ ; measured specimen surface) Low low improved surface information channeling contrast, whereas high enhanced bulk reduced resulting material Z contrast. These results regarding contrast can be understood by ratio low‐loss electrons...

Streak-shaped defects were infrequently observed on ultra-low carbon IF cold-rolled steel sheets for automotive outer panels after press-forming. The occurred due to heterogeneous remaining of elongated grains the surface layer. Elongated are hard recrystallize pinning effect small precipitates grain boundaries. These consist mainly Ti(NC), TiS and AlN. In order eliminate streak defect, lower excess Ti, temperature slab reheating Sb-addition efficient. countermeasures result in a drastic...

Two types of √3×√3 surfaces, silicon-rich and carbon-rich, have been observed in a series annealing processes. Rocking curves from the surface structures both surfaces analyzed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) dynamical calculations. The is determined to be terminated with Si adatoms on T4 or H3 sites silicon bulk surface. It considered that carbon-rich consists C honeycomb structure. From results Auger spectra RHEED rocking curves, phase transition phases caused...

Graphitized 4H-SiC(0001) Si- and (000-1)C-terminated surfaces with an offset angle of 8° in the ultra high vacuum (UHV) are observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). A network string-shaped structures is developed on Si-terminated surface after annealed at 1800°C. On other hand, many protrusions corresponding to ends carbon nanotubes generated C-terminated temperature. The composed along perpendicular step edges. development...

By using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and RHEED multislice dynamical calculations, the atomic structures of (∛×∛)R30° reconstruction on 6H–SiC(0001) surface were solved. Both simple adatom structure with a Si coverage one-third monolayer occupying threefold-symmetric T4 or H3 sites bit complex trimers centered positions 1 are all compatible our results.

The behaviors of contrasts in backscattered electron (BSE) images cross-sectional heat-treated steel are studied under various accelerating voltages and take-off angle conditions. Changes these conditions resulted dramatic changes contrasts. Low low angles improve surface information channeling contrasts, whereas high enhance bulk reduce resulting improved Z contrast. These can be understood by the ratio LLE (Low-Loss Electron), which related to inelastic BSE components detected....

The authors have developed a new online measurement system for the Fe concentration in galvannealed (GA) coating layers based on proportionality between X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak angle of δ1 phase and concentration. was realized by high speed XRD one-dimensional detector use correction algorithm angular error caused displacement GA strip surface from position. profile were simultaneously measured laser meter, respectively. accuracy this demonstrated continuous galvanizing line with steel...