This paper focuses on the legacy of mega sport events. First, concept is defined before problems measuring and forecasting are discussed. Benchmarking use macro data do not correctly reveal legacy. Hence a bottom-up approach introduced which identifies event by evaluation 'soft' 'hard' event-related changes in host city. These as 'event-structures' (infrastructure, knowledge, image, emotions, networks, culture). Many them change quality location factors city long-term. The benefits/costs...

This contribution adds to the controversial discussion of investment scarce public resources in mega sport events such as Olympic Games. The positive, or negative, legacy will be considered. A definition given, how might measured is discussed and key elements that make up a are identified. Examples taken from recent Games other sports Manchester Commonwealth 2002.

A mega sport event involves huge investments in city infrastructure. After the event, structures that remain may be an asset to stakeholders, or they a burden. Faced with high costs, taxpayer demands event-related social, economic and ecological changes will end have improved living conditions for host city. But it is not easy identify legacies their entirety, because confused non-event-related development, wide variety of areas stakeholders are affected. This paper looks at how legacies,...

Hosting major sport events can cause positive shifts in tourism demand on a long-term basis, but the additional revenues might not counterbalance investment costs that are required of host destination. Whether have actually occurred cannot be measured solely by counting number tourists. Increases also come from supply. Megaevents require expensive investments facilities, as well nonsport city-related infrastructure. These must fit into city’s plan to make event economically successful. The...

Contents: Preface by Jacques Rogge Foreword Holger Preuss 1. Introduction: The Situation of Modern Cities and the Olympic Games 2. Methodology: Justifications for Use 3. Financing Games: Interests, Winners Losers 4. Growth Financial Gigantism: Scale 5. Technique Measuring: Economic Impact 6. Tourism Exports: Sleeping Giants 7. Investments Reconstruction a City: Burdens Opportunities 8. Great Source Income: Revenues OCOG 9. Flip Side Coin: Expenditures Organizing Committee 10. Jobs, Jobs: or...

Abstract The decision where to host major sports events is the result of a political process, involving local and national politicians as well international sport governing bodies. Politicians local/national bodies decide whether apply for an event, while select cities (nations). Local residents play important role in this process their opinion will influence system supports application willing fund event. Many event impacts have characteristics public goods externalities. This represents...

Abstract This paper examines the economic impact of major multi-sport event on affected people. Their spending increases benefit for city and region staging event. Therefore a theoretical differentiation movements persons by was done. A model worked out to detect regional primary through these can be used in any analysis, such as input–output frameworks or multiplier theory. The complexities considering right their are analysed described detail. special focus is placed evaluation opportunity...

This article presents the development of a new approach for measuring mega sport event legacy and is based on Olympic Games as reference. The events has gained ever more importance during recent years both academics practitioners. While organisations gain large revenues, cities lose. Such costs, mixed with political discussions over host government spending public money, seem to evermore prove that there potential corruption, increased scrutiny by variety stakeholders led concerns benefits...

Abstract This paper provides an analysis on internet news reports about the Beijing Olympics 2008 and how China signaled throughout event to external target groups. The shows geographical areas China, USA, Europe "Rest of World" perceived Games. results were interpreted regarding principal agent theories' signaling reduce information asymmetry for business tourism costly generate symbolic capital. Seven hundred forty collected between 1 July 30 September 2008, using Google Alerts with...

It has become common practice for governments and municipalities around the world to bid right host a major sporting event. Prior embarking on bidding process, politicians attempt determine whether such an event will be of value their municipality; often focus estimated economic consequences hosting Frequently, studies are commissioned predict event's value. However, these miscalculate potential impact sport visitors as consumers. We argue that enhanced profiling enable more accurate...

This paper focuses on the contribution of mega events onto development a green economy at event host location and discusses how to measure it. The promises organizers usually are very ambitious but question remains as realistic these claims are. will be addressed in three sections by using methods that primarily analytical critical rather than an empirical collection data. environmental sustainability sport is discussed then framework developed capture legacy basis for building up all its...

Findings from empirical studies on the legacy of hosting a mega sporting event are inconclusive. This paper considers published in English language peer-reviewed journals between 1997 and 2016 to identify trends gaps current knowledge related event-attributed changes structures, consequences, stakeholder evaluations. Following systematic literature search guidelines, 233 articles (238 studies) were coded. The authors assessed structural changes, Contextual factors, such as type event,...

The commercialization of the Olympic Games is often cited as primary driver behind its gigantism ( e.g. (Kurscheidt & Prüschenk, 2020; Preuss, 2004b). While much academic attention has been paid on financial growth Movement and OG Müller et al. , 2022; 2024; Zimbalist, 2016), our study focuses revenue Winter Olympics over past two decades by analyzing revenues Organizing Committees for (OCOGs) since 2002. Unlike previous studies, we ensured comparability nominal data adjustments...

The contribution of volunteers to the success mega sport events is very valuable, as they dedicate their time and skills without financial compensation. Despite undiminished enthusiasm for volunteering at events, grassroots in Europe faces increasing challenges retaining long-term sports clubs. This study aims contribute existing research by examining characteristics motivations with a particular focus on Special Olympics World Games 2023 (SOWG 23). Furthermore, it seeks identify factors...

Tourist expenditures constituted the largest part of economic impact South Africa's 2010 FIFA Football World Cup. However, limited air transport capacity and increased accommodation prices may have led to crowding-out effects. Until now, could only be considered by using econometric modelling based on data inbound arrival or statistics. This paper suggests a methodology for measuring effect precisely. It is available statistics in Africa applicable at province level. An important innovation...