The differentiation of the urinogenital system and appendicular skeleton in vertebrates is under control Hox genes. common digit gonad raises possibility that patterns formation may relate to spermatogenesis hormonal concentrations. This work was concerned with ratio between length 2nd 4th (2D:4D) humans. We showed (i) 2D:4D right left hands has a sexually dimorphic pattern; males mean = 0.98, i.e. tended be longer than females 1.00, digits equal length. dimorphism present from at least age...

Previous studies have shown that male faces with extreme features associated testosterone are perceived as dominant and masculine. Women been reported to prefer more masculinized they may consider markers be an 'honest' indication of good health, such considerations underlie their aesthetic preferences. However, pronounced facial also dominance, several negative personality traits. This suggests female preferences adaptive compromise between positive attributes higher than average...

Digit ratio (2D:4D: the relative lengths of second and fourth digits) is widely used as a correlate prenatal sex steroids. There are two common methods measuring 2D:4D, direct method indirect method. The modern interest in 2D:4D began 16 years ago when finger were measured directly, but many studies now report calculated from indirectly fingers photocopies or scans. However, there concerns about accuracy latter comparison to former. purpose this article was twofold: review these add new data...

Background: Prenatal sex steroids have been broadly discussed in terms of their possible effect on brain differentiation, whereas pubertal/adult hormones are thought to be the main regulators sexually dimorphic physical features males and females. Assessing prenatal steroid exposure has previously difficult but evidence now suggests that finger length ratio may provide a 'window' into hormone exposure. The second digit (the index finger) relative fourth ring is as lower (2D:4D). sexual...

Abstract The second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is sexually differentiated (lower in men than women), a likely biomarker for organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal testosterone, and correlate many sex‐dependent, hormonally influenced traits phenotypes. extent 2D:4D measurement repeatability across different research groups unknown. This study assessed the interobserver error measurements made by 17 experts (researchers who have contributed to literature). Results indicate that...

Abstract Introduction It has been shown in our previous work that breast asymmetry is related to several of the known risk factors for cancer, and patients with diagnosed cancer have more volume asymmetry, as measured from mammograms, than age-matched healthy women. Methods In present study, we compared women who were free disease at time mammography, but had subsequently developed controls remained disease-free study. The study group consisted 252 asymptomatic normal went on develop cancer....

Abstract The relative length of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) is a putative marker for prenatal testosterone. Low 2D:4D has been reported to correlate with high performance in sport general. Here, first time, we examine relationship between elite rugby players. 44 players (28 forwards, 16 backs) were drawn from Ospreys Rugby Union Club age-matched controls. measures comprised age-adjusted number international performances (caps) Wales, comparison coaches' first-choice League team...

The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is lower in men than women. 2D:4D may be established utero and negatively correlated with sperm counts testosterone positively oestrogen Negative associations between male family size positive female have been found some European populations.The study seeks investigate the relationship samples from Europe, Asia Africa.Measurements of right hand were made English (Merseyside, n = 403), Indian (Sugali Yanadi, n= 160) South African (Zulu,n 258)...

Breast cancer is the second most common among women in world and developed countries it common. The early identification of at risk therefore great importance any additional measures which may aid diagnosis, particularly high groups, would be benefit. volume breast asymmetry were calculated from mammograms 250 with compared those age-matched controls. There was evidence that patients had more larger breasts than healthy women. former observation first a factor for cancer. likely to predictor...

Fluctuating asymmetry arises as small deviations from symmetry which can be expressed on either side of the body. Increases in fluctuating suggest genomic stress such results directional selection. It has been argued that epigamic structures and weapons should show high levels because sexual selection is essentially nature. We tested this prediction by examining expression upper canines 21 species Old World primates. found, for males but not females, was correlated with measures including...