Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are indispensable pollinators, essential for ecosystem stability and agricultural productivity. However, they face numerous challenges, including pathogens that threaten their survival services. Among these pathogens, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite, causes significant damage to the intestinal tract induces energetic imbalances in an organism, posing major threat both individual bees entire colonies. In response infections, often engage behavioural...

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are one of the most crucial pollinators, providing vital ecosystem services. Their development and functioning depend on essential nutrients substances found in environment. While collecting nectar as a carbohydrate source, routinely encounter low doses ethanol from yeast fermentation. Yet, effects repeated exposure bees' survival physiology remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate impacts constant occasional consumption food spiked with 1% honey bee...

Achieving an understanding of species' temporal and spatial abundance patterns is a prerequisite for proper conservation management decisions. Little known the ecological indicators census size or biomass terrestrial amphibian communities historical estimates population are rare. Here we took advantage data collected in 1967/1968 leaf-litter community Niepołomice Forest (NF) south-central Poland. Using same technique (removal sampling), censused this forest 50 years later (2016/2017),...

Experimental evolution (EE) is a powerful research framework for gaining insights into many biological questions, including the of reproductive systems. We designed long-term and highly replicated EE project using nematode C . elegans , with main aim investigating impact system on adaptation diversification under environmental challenge. From laboratory-adapted strain N2, we derived isogenic lines introgressed fog-2(q71) mutation, which changes from nearly exclusive selfing to obligatory...

Abstract Radical shifts in reproductive systems result radical changes selective pressures acting on traits. Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans constitutes one of rare model where such can be experimentally induced, providing an opportunity for studying the evolution phenotypes real time. Evolutionary history predominantly selfing reproduction has led to degeneration traits involved outcrossing, making it inefficient. Here, we introduced obligatory outcrossing into isogenic lines C. and allowed...

Abstract Sexual selection may increase population‐level fitness by facilitating the removal of deleterious mutations with pleiotropic effects on competition for fertilizations as well other components in both sexes. Under inbreeding, this could promote purging selection, that is recessive alleles exposed homozygotes via matings between closely related individuals. Here, two independent experiments, we found no evidence short‐term inbreeding load from severely bottlenecked populations red...

Abstract Honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) are one of the most crucial pollinators, providing vital ecosystem services. Their development and functioning depend on essential nutrients substances found in environment. While collecting nectar as a carbohydrate source, routinely encounter low doses ethanol from yeast fermentation. Yet, effects repeated exposure bees’ survival physiology remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate impacts constant occasional consumption food spiked with 1% honey...

Abstract Previous studies on various organisms have suggested that low doses of ethanol can stimulatory effects, while higher may lead to toxicity, a response known as hormesis. Low concentrations occur naturally in the environment, particularly fermenting fruits and flower nectar, where pollinators such honey bees encounter it. This study aimed investigate potential hormetic effects low-level consumption bees. Bees were divided into three groups: one provided with only sucrose solution,...

Abstract We developed a procedure for estimating competitive fitness by using Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) tool. Competitive is usually the most informative measure, assays often rely on green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker strains. CNNs are class of deep learning neural networks, which well suited image analysis object classification. Our analyses involved classification nematodes wild-type vs. GFP-expressing, counted both categories. The...

In Caenorhabditis elegans, a species reproducing mostly via self-fertilization, numerous signatures of selfing syndrome are observed, including differences in reproductive behaviour compared to related obligatory outcrossing species. this study we investigated the effect nearly 100 generations on several characteristics male behaviour. A genetically uniform ancestral population carrying mutation changing system was split into four independent populations. We predicted that transition from...

In species reproducing by selfing, the traits connected with outcrossing typically undergo degeneration, a phenomenon called selfing syndrome. Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, syndrome affects many involved in mating, rendering cross-fertilization highly inefficient. this study, we investigated evolution of efficiency populations genetically modified to reproduce obligatory outcrossing. Following genetic modification, replicate obligatorily were maintained for over 100 generations, at...