In this research, vegetation indices (VIs) were analyzed as indicators of the spatio-temporal variation in a semi-arid region. For better understanding dynamic, interactions between and climate should be studied more widely. To end, following methodology was proposed: (1) acquire NDVI, EVI, SAVI, MSAVI, NDMI by classification land cover categories monthly period from 2014 to 2018; (2) perform geostatistical analysis rainfall temperature; (3) assess application ordinary uncertainty least...

Environmental isotope tracers have been a useful tool in providing new insights into hydrologic processes. In Mexico, there several studies reporting different values for δ 18 O and 2 H certain geographical areas. The objective of this study is to achieve the isotopic characterization rainfall groundwater report comprehensive understanding flow processes around within Calera aquifer and, consequently, its potential recharge sites. samples used stable analysis ( , ) were measured using...

In arid and semiarid regions, groundwater becomes the main source to meet drinking water needs of large cities, food production, industrial activities. For this reason, necessary studies must be carried out estimate its quantity quality, always seeking sustainable management, thus avoiding social conflicts or a decrease in productive activities humanity. This research explains behavior quality concerning arsenic speciation relationship with fluoride. The average total concentration 19.95...

Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater resources, accounting for approximately 70% total water withdrawals. In semi-arid regions like Zacatecas, Mexico, scarcity and climate variability pose critical challenges to small-scale farmers. This study evaluates effectiveness integrating modern irrigation technologies with traditional management practices enhance agricultural resilience. Analysis climatic data (1961–2020) revealed a statistically significant increase in annual...

The great potential of the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provides novel and alternative ways to monitor important parameters with high accuracy. In this study, we developed a soft sensor model for dynamic processes based on CNN measurement suspended solids turbidity from single image liquid sample be measured by using commercial smartphone camera (Android or IOS system) light-emitting diode (LED) illumination. For this, an dataset samples illuminated white, red, green, blue LED light...

In the last few years, Satellite Precipitation Estimates (SPE) have been increasingly used for rainfall estimation applications. Their validity and accuracy are influenced by several factors related to location where SPEs applied. The objective of this study is evaluate performance Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals Global Measurement Version 06 Half-Hour Temporal Resolution (IMERG-FR V06 HH) estimation, as well determine its relationships with hourly daily rain gauge network data in a...

Triangular weirs are commonly used to measure discharge in open channel flow, representing an inexpensive, reliable methodology monitor water allocation. In this work, a low-speed photographic technique was characterize the upper and lower nappe profiles of flow over fully aerated triangular weirs. A total 112 experiments were performed covering range weir vertex angles (from 30° 90°), crest elevations (8 or 10 cm), discharges (0.01–7.82 l s−1). The experimental mathematically modeled...

A variety of techniques have been proposed for sprinkler drop characterization. Two them, the disdrometer method (D) and low-speed photographic (P), recently applied in literature. statistical improvement measurements (DM) has to improve D measurements. The aims this study were: (1) compare methods under indoor conditions, (2) produce a characterization data set, (3) assess effect treatment data, (4) gain insight into relationship between variables. drops resulting from an impact operating...

A labyrinth weir allows for higher discharge capacity than conventional linear weirs, especially at low hydraulic heads. In fact, this is an alternative the design or rehabilitation of spillways. It can even be used as a strategy in problems related to dam safety. sequential method based on optimal geometric parameters and results flow analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics experimental studies reported literature. The tests performed were weirs with values HT/P ≤ 0.8 angles cycle...

Water shortages are a key obstacle to the sustainable supply of food world population, since agriculture has largest consumptive water use. The Footprint (WF) been developed as useful tool assess contribution goods and activities scarcity. This concept is being used around improve agricultural management. paper analyzes climate data in order estimate green blue WFs for dry beans primary region Mexico under both irrigation dryland conditions. quantification WF very important this area, 95%...

Water has always been an essential development factor for civilizations, but its erratic distribution in space and time caused severe socio-economic problems throughout human history due to both scarcity excess. In Mexico, insufficient rainwater satisfy crop water requirements is a recurrent phenomenon. From meteorological perspective, drought refers decay of the rainfall–runoff process below normal values, resulting lower availability resources needs activities, particularly those related...

The supply of drinking water to the population is an important challenge facing humanity, since both surface and underground sources present a great variability storage with respect space time. This problem further aggravated in arid semi-arid areas where rainfall low torrential, which makes groundwater main source supply; therefore, it necessary carry out studies that allow evaluating evolution quantity quality water. study addresses behavior region, considering theory flow systems identify...

Infiltration estimation is made by tests such as concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors, the lateral movement under ring. Several possibilities have been developed over last decades compensate these based on physical, electronic, and mathematical principles. In this research, two approaches proposed measure water infiltration rate in a silty loam soil means of mass values lysimeter weighing rainfall conditions different moisture contents. Based fact that with it possible determine...

Groundwater is the main source of water in semi-arid Calera watershed, located State Zacatecas, Mexico. Due to increasing population, rapid industrial growth, and increased irrigation meet growing food demand, groundwater extraction watershed are exceeding recharge rates. Therefore, development evaluation alter-native management strategies needed for sustainable region. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was selected this purpose as it has been used simulate a wide range...

Estimates of the daily crop coefficient (Kc) for corn and irrigation scheduling were performed during 2009 2010 by means two approaches: Treatment I, computation Kc using Food Agriculture Organization United Nations (FAO) method; II, from relative fraction thermal units. Corn water requirements gross depth I approximately 25 to 33% lower than those II in 2010, respectively. However, performance was better terms grain yield, which 9.2 Mg ha−1 (in 2009) 9.4 2010), 37 29% higher, respectively,...

Streamflow in semi-arid lands commonly occurs the form of flash floods dry-bed ephemeral streams. The goal this research was to couple hydrological and 2D hydraulic model treatments channel transmission losses, order show impact not taking losses on flood hazard mapping into consideration. For modeling reach that is located between flumes 2 1 Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed tested. Two hydraulics models were set up, first does incorporate second developed take account several hydrographs...

The quantity and quality of the supply fresh water to households, commercial areas, small industries, green spaces irrigation public private institutions in large cities face challenges from sources availability suitable distribution network performance full satisfaction established drinking guidelines. In Mexico, main source comes groundwater. Most Mexican aquifers are located arid semi-arid weather conditions. groundwater’s physical–chemical properties closely related geology. This study...

Hydrological cycle research requires a detailed analysis of the involved parameters to understand watershed behavior comprehensively. In recent decades, both Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were implemented took substantial role in geomorphological parameterization; however, variability these instruments remains challenge, together with high-resolution DEMs being unavailable, requiring digital processing improve resolution. This aims merge evaluate...

The presence of arsenic in groundwater constitutes a hazard for the environment and human health, determination its source has become global challenge, which can be approached by defining natural background levels (NBL) conjunction with indicator kriging method, aim delineating anthropogenically contaminated areas. However, having unique value NBL large areas generate interpretation errors. This research integrates flow systems present Calera Aquifer, definition each system making estimation...