Limestone hills are an unusual habitat for primates, prompting them to evolve specific behavioral adaptations the component karst habitat. From September 2012 August 2013, we collected data on diet of one group Assamese macaques living in limestone forests at Nonggang National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, China, using instantaneous scan sampling. were primarily folivorous, young leaves accounting 75.5% and mature additional 1.8% their diet. In contrast, fruit accounted only 20.1%. The...

Diet and feeding behavior data are crucial to a deep understanding of the behavioral response adaptation primates high-altitude environment. From August 2019 June 2021, we collected on rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta group from Yajiang County, Western Sichuan Plateau, which has an altitude over 3,500 m. The results showed that (33.0 ± 1.8%) moving (28.3 2.6%) were dominant macaques. Macaques ate 193 food items, comprising 11 categories 90 species. Our study found plant roots (30.9 30.1%) young...

The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal health and is strongly affected by the environment. Captivity human source food have been shown to influence drastically composition function of wild animals. Therefore, present study, provisioned populations limestone-living rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing bioinformatic analyses. results indicated that had a higher microbial richness than macaques, but there was no significant...

Abstract To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations in macaques we studied the diet Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis limestone seasonal rain forests at Nonggang Nature Reserve, China from September 2005 to August 2006. Our results show that although fed on many plant species, 85.2% came only 12 which a bamboo Indocalamus calcicolus contributed 62% diet. Young leaves were staple food items (74.1% diet) for Nonggang, and constituted bulk monthly diets almost year-round, ranging...

The activity budget is important for understanding behavioural variability and adaptation in primates. Assamese macaques ( Macaca assamensis ) found the limestone forest of Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve, Southwest China, primarily feed on young leaves Bonia saxatilis (a shrubby, karst-endemic bamboo). To understand how a specific bamboo leaf-based diet ecological factors affect budget, one group was studied using instantaneous scan sampling 1 year. spent most their time feeding...

Abstract Host characteristics, such as sex and age, are closely associated with the structure function of gut microbiota; however, less is known about effects age on microbiota nonhuman primates, therefore, our knowledge interindividual variability in host limited. In this study, 153 fecal samples from rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) were analyzed using high‐throughput 16S rRNA sequencing order to explore associations between their microbiota. The results indicated that female had higher...

Comparative studies of sympatric species are essential for understanding behavioral and ecological adaptation as well the mechanisms that can reduce resource competition to allow coexistence. François' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) primate found in limestone seasonal rainforests Nonggang Nature Reserve, southwestern Guangxi, China. To explore their different strategies, we collected data on diet using scan sampling at 15-min intervals. Our results...

To understand primates' behavioral responses and adaptations to the changing environment, ranging pattern foraging patch utilization data are crucial. We studied behavior of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in limestone forest Nonggang National Nature Reserve, southwest Guangxi, China, using grid cell method, from September 2012 August 2013. Our results showed that traveled 816.7 ± 118.4 m/day, occupied a home range 50.5 ha, selected 40.5 ha as patch. Moreover, food resource...

Abstract Climatic factors such as temperature and humidity vary seasonally in primate habitats; thus, behavioral adjustments microhabitat selection by species have been interpreted adaptations. François' langur ( Trachypithecus francoisi ), a native to southwest China northern Vietnam, inhabits limestone habitat with extreme climatic conditions. To understand the potential effects of seasonality on this species, we collected data individual budgets T. group between January December 2010...

The white-headed black langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) is exclusively distributed in the karst forests and critically endangered owing to habitat fragmentation. Gut microbiota can provide physiological data for a comprehensive study of langur's response human disturbance limestone forest; date, on spatial variations langurs' gut are limited. In this study, we examined intersite langurs Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, China. Our results showed that Bapen...

Abstract Determining the nutrient factors influencing food choice provides important insight into feeding strategy of animals, which is crucial for understanding their behavioral response to environmental changes. A bamboo‐leaf‐based diet rare among mammals. Animals’ and nutritional goals have been explained by several frameworks; however, influence nutrients on in macaques not yet available. Assamese ( Macaca assamensis ) inhabiting limestone forests are characterized such a diet,...

Assessment of gut microbiota, used to explore ecological adaptation strategies and evolutionary potential species, provides a new viewpoint the conservation management endangered animals. In this research, microbiota group semiprovisioned rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in limestone forest exhibiting seasonal changes plant items were studied investigate these specific habitat. The findings revealed significant diversity composition macaques' which higher rainy season than dry season....

François’ langur is a primate that particularly lives in karst regions. The adaptation of wild animals to habitats has been hot topic behavioral ecology and conservation biology.

Gut microbiota plays an important role in health and metabolism is affected by diet. This means that the gut of sympatric species different due to niche separation. In this study, high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used study François' langurs rhesus macaques using 57 fecal samples collected from limestone forests Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve. The results indicated no significant difference microbial diversity between two primate species. However, marked...

The ecological constraints model is well supported by data from most frugivorous primates; however, the prediction power of weak for folivorous primates. From September 2016 to August 2017, we collected comparative on time budgets, daily path lengths and diets four groups white-headed langurs ( Trachypithecus leucocephalus ), including two large (G-DS G-ZWY) small (G-LZ G-NN) in Chongzuo White-Headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, Southwest China. aim was obtain evidence...