Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a disruption of the normal vaginal flora, has been associated with 60% increased risk HIV-1 acquisition in women and higher concentration RNA genital tract HIV-1–infected women. However, whether BV, which is present up to half African women, an increase transmission male partners not assessed previous studies. Methods Findings We association between BV on female-to-male prospective study 2,236 HIV-1–seropositive their uninfected from seven countries...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) still poses a significant health burden in Kenya. Countries with the highest of people living HIV (PLWH) have substantial non-communicable diseases(NCDs) including type 2 diabetes (T2D) hypertension (HPT). This study evaluated predictors T2D, HPT TB resistant strains among PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) Eastern Blood sputum samples were obtained from 280 consenting detailed sociodemographic questionnaire was administered....

The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among fishermen along Lake Victoria, Kenya. This cross-sectional surveyed 250 from beaches in Kisumu District using proportional-to-size sampling based on the number registered boats per beach. Participants provided demographic sexual behaviour information, blood HIV-1 herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) syphilis serological tests urine transcription-mediated amplification assays...

The study describes the nature, context and implications of a unique form transactional sexual relationships in fishing communities along Lake Victoria Kisumu County, Kenya. We conducted 12 focus group discussions 17 key informant interviews among fishermen, fishmongers fish transporters Kisumu. Women commonly with which are often sexual, as part jaboya system, wherein women who wish to sell market secure rights purchase caught by fishermen. Due nature intercourse, sex typically occurs...

Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock farming in sub-Saharan Africa and limits the full potential of agricultural development 36 countries where it endemic. In man, sleeping sickness fatal if untreated causes severe morbidity. This study was undertaken western Kenya, an area that endemic for both human trypanosomosis. While trypanosomosis present at high levels endemicity, occurs low over long periods, interspersed with epidemics, underscoring complexity disease epidemiology....

HIV-1 superinfection may occur at a rate similar to that of initial infection, raising concerns for vaccine strategies predicated on eliciting immune responses those in natural infection. Because the high recombination during replication, studies examining only one region genome are likely miss cases superinfection. We examined gag sequences from 14 high-risk Kenyan women whom was not detected previous study env sequences. two additional superinfection: intersubtype occurred between 1046 and...

The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men Kenya is largely uncharacterized. We set out to determine the prevalence and determinants HPV among sexually active fishermen along Lake Victoria Kisumu district Kenya.Genital swabs were obtained from 250 consenting 18 beaches a detailed sociodemographic questionnaire was administered. positivity determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification detected dot blot hybridisation with generic beta-globin probes. positive...

Bacterial agents are among pathogens implicated to cause diarrhea in children resulting huge mortality and morbidities. etiologies causing below five years rarely investigated Central Kenya, which would otherwise guide prescription target health education.A cross-sectional study approach was applied on 163 randomly selected stool samples from who presented with Murang`a Muriranja`s hospitals. The objective determine the bacterial of diarrhea. Enteric were cultured using appropriate media...

Inadequate protection of water sources, and poor household hygienic handling practices have exacerbated fecal contamination in Kenya. This study evaluated the rate correlates thermotolerant coliform (TTC) Kericho District, Western Culture multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to characterize TTCs. The disk diffusion method was for antibiotic susceptibility profiling pathogenic Escherichia coli. Out 103 households surveyed, 48 (46.6%) had TTC contaminated drinking...

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to develop an economical 'in-house' single round polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using filter paper-dried blood spots (FP-DBS) for early infant HIV-1 diagnosis and evaluate its performance in African setting. Methods An PCR that targets conserved regions the ( pol ) gene validated use with FP-DBS; first we FP-DBS spiked cell standards known copy numbers. Next, by testing archived (N = 115) from infants infection status. Subsequently then...

Background . Suitable populations to sustain continued evaluation of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention interventions are required. We sought determine whether fishermen a suitable population for intervention trials. Methods In cross-sectional descriptive survey, we selected 250 from proportional size sampled boats. collected socioeconomic behavioral information, specimens HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia human papillomavirus (HPV) tests...

The ever-expanding rollout of antiretroviral therapy in poor resource settings without routine virological monitoring has been accompanied with development drug resistance that resulted limited treatment success.A cross-sectional study one time viral load was conducted during the period between 2012 and 2013 to determine failure mutations among adults receiving first-line (44) (3TC_d4T/AZT_NVP/EFV) second-line (20) (3TC/AZT/LPV/r) Nairobi, Kenya. HIV-1 pol-RT genotyping for performed using...

<ns3:p><ns3:bold>Background:</ns3:bold> The demand for drinking water has necessitated the proliferation of bottled companies in Kenya. This study evaluated if retailed Nairobi Kenya complies with both local and international reference criteria.</ns3:p><ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Methods:</ns3:bold> A total 42 different brands (25 approved by Revenue Authority (KRA) 17 banned brands) were analyzed physicochemical bacteriological quality. spread plate method was used to obtain count bacteria, while...

bacterial meningitis, responsible for childhood morbidity and mortality, can also lead to permanent neurological disability among survivors. This study conducted from January December, 2015 used standard bacteriological molecular methods investigate the etiology of three common causes meningitis hospitalized patients admitted at a semi-urban hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.a total 196 Mama Lucy Kibaki with clinically diagnosed were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Participants'...

Despite the need, adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in resource-limited settings have limited access to sexual reproductive health (SRH) care services for improved outcomes. This is worse AYAs living with HIV where much unknown about contexts issues inhibiting SRHs. We explored adolescents’, healthcare workers, caregivers’ preferences HIV. conducted 30 in-depth interviews 8 focus group discussions among a subset of AYA aged 14–24 HIV, caregivers/parents. recruited participants from Lumumba...

To determine the prevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seropositivity among fishermen along shores Lake Victoria in Kisumu district, Kenya.Sera from a random sample 250 18 beaches were collected after detailed sociodemographic interview. HSV-2 infection was tested by Kalon ELISA.The seroprevalence 63.9%. In multivariate analysis, more likely to be infected with if they HIV positive (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.27; 95% CI 1.06 1.52) compared those testing negative, aged...

Nevirapine (NVP) resistance occurs frequently in infants following NVP use prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) regimens. However, among previously NVP-unexposed treated with NVP-antiretroviral therapy (ART), the development and impact have not been well characterized. In a prospective clinical trial providing early ART to HIV-infected <5 months age Kenya (OPH03 study), we followed who initiated NVP-ART for 12 months. Viral loads were assessed determined using population-based...

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years age developing countries with viruses contributing significantly to this problem. The recently identified parvovirus, Human Bocavirus (HBoV), has also been associated ARI. Objective: To determine the frequency HBoV patients Materials Methods: Samples from 125 consenting influenza like illness signs symptoms were collected. DNA was extracted these samples using QIAamp blood...

Objective: This study evaluated the immunologic (CD4 cell count), virological (HIV RNA viral load), hepatic (alanine and aspartate aminotransferase - ALT AST), renal (creatinine) hematological (hemoglobin -HB, White Blood Cell WBC, Lymphocytes LYM platelets PLT) response to a six months ART treatment among HIV participants in Nairobi Kenya. Methods: samples were obtained from 599 consenting infected receiving Nairobi. CD4 counts measured using flow cytometer load determined real-time...

<ns3:p><ns3:bold>Background:</ns3:bold> The demand for water has necessitated the proliferation of bottled companies in Kenya. This study evaluated if retailed Nairobi Kenya complies with both local and international reference criteria.</ns3:p><ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Methods:</ns3:bold> A total 42 different brands (25 approved by Revenue Authority (KRA) 17 banned brands) were analyzed physicochemical bacteriological quality. Spread plate method was used to obtain count bacteria, while membrane...

Introduction: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection has been associated with a 3-fold risk of HIV-1 acquisition. The prevalence and HSV-2 in the fishing communities along shores Lake Victoria Kisumu have reported to be high. This may contribute growing HIV epidemic Kenya including spread transmitted drug resistance (TDR). We report data on association HSV2/HIV-1 co-infection TDR this antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve population. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 249 consenting...

the discovery of antibiotics led to optimistic belief completely eradicating infectious diseases during golden era following their discovery. Countries are grappling with burden microbial resistance bringing a near paralysis all facets mankind. Enterobacteriaceae and other hard-to-treat Gram-negative bacteria have become resistant nearly antibiotic options available, this is bad taste in fight against resistance.during months April-October 2017, 163 children below five years presenting...