We evaluate the effects of a fundamental lever constitutional design: duration public office terms. present simple model grounded in interviews with legislators and highlight three forces shaping incentives to exert legislative effort. exploit two natural experiments Argentine Congress (where term lengths were assigned randomly) ascertain which are empirically dominant. Results for separate measures as well an aggregate index effort show that longer terms increase Shorter appear discourage...

This paper advances the hypothesis that some of roots present crisis are to be found in institutions knowledge economy. While protectionism is seen as a possible dangerous outcome crisis, extent inherent strengthening and globalisation intellectual property rights (IPRs) associated, particular, with signing Trade-related Aspects Intellectual Property Rights agreement not generally perceived one its causes. Indeed, IPRs have acted 'super-tariffs'. They particularly raised cost investments for...

Abstract The paper presents a bargaining model that compares two forms of licensing Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) in terms their ability to deliver Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) royalties. first is profit-based or ad valorem contract signed ex-ante, before the product market entry implementer. second lump sum ex-post, after implementers’ profits have been realized. Both contracts are realistic, i.e. compatible with typical timing standardization activities. We find...

In this paper, we perform a preliminary analysis of the technologies, firms and industries that may be affected by possible futures metaverse, attempting to derive some hypotheses on spatial effects process. We distinguish between two evolutive scenarios – 'metaverse shaped reality view' shaping factors affecting them, deriving implications for public policy planning. The first scenario presents relatively traditional core challenges: ensuring homogeneous availability network infrastructures...

The prominent role played by patents within the pharmaceutical domain is unquestionable. In this paper, we focus on a relatively neglected implication of patents: effect patent-induced information disclosure dynamics R&D and market competition. study builds upon combination two large datasets, linking about to firm-level data projects their outcome. Two case studies in fields anti-inflammatory compounds cancer research complement our analysis. We argue that patent induces competition shapes...

ASA is a regulatory framework that allows for licensed sharing of underutilised spectrum by limited number rights holders through an individual authorisation scheme. There significant momentum can be implemented rapidly in Europe under the existing EU electronic communications, taking advantage actual technological options and meeting rise mobile broadband posing new challenges to Administrations worldwide. Through ASA, has opportunity take lead and explore paths optimal exploitation,...

The aim of this paper is to critically revise the well-established attitude towards economic theorizing on property as a complete bundle rights over well-defined uses. While some authors have previously introduced incomplete dimension in their discourse, they conceptualized incompleteness either terms undiscovered uses, weakly enforced or partitioned rights. We move from different idea incompleteness, namely initial lack attribution new undefined uses an asset. suggest possible direction...

The paper considers how 5G and 6G technologies fit within the broader context of EU industrial policies. It highlights that policies targeting represent an interesting instantiation a (relatively) novel under researched type policy, which we describe as "technology-specific" policy. This approach, departs from traditional dichotomy between horizontal vertical policies, has some desirable features highlight, but also raises challenges. We focus on key role these may play in drawing attention...

This paper analyzes the effects on incentives to invest in development of complementary innovations within research and (R&D) collaborations two alternative appropriability regimes: an “openness regime” whereby parties make ex ante commitment reciprocal access each other's R&D outputs “exclusion no such is made. We consider a model with efficient bargaining which firms do not compete final market. Assuming that constitute common input agents investments its private exploitation, we...