The aim of the study was to examine long‐term sequelae in children mothers who were depressed at 3 months postpartum. In a community sample from two general practices South London, 149 women given psychiatric interviews postpartum and 132 their (89%) tested 11 years age. had significantly lower IQ scores. They also attentional problems difficulties mathematical reasoning, more likely than other have special educational needs. Boys severely affected girls, with sex difference most pronounced...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether smoking during pregnancy is associated with symptoms attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring and these effects are additional genetic influences. METHOD: Children’s ADHD (parent- teacher-rated), maternal pregnancy, conduct symptoms, family adversity were assessed questionnaires for a population-based sample twins (1,452 twin pairs 5–16 years age). RESULTS: Although influences accounted most the variance ADHD, still...

Background Exposure to prenatal stress is associated with later adverse health and adjustment outcomes. This generally presumed arise through early environmentally mediated programming effects on the foetus. However, associations could factors that influence mothers' characteristics behaviour during pregnancy which are inherited by offspring. Method A ‘prenatal cross-fostering’ design where pregnant mothers related or unrelated their child as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) was used...

BackgroundIt is widely considered that exposure to maternal cigarette smoking in pregnancy has risk effects on offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This view supported by consistent observations of association. It is, however, impossible be certain adequate control for confounding factors with observational designs. We use a novel "natural experiment" design separates prenatal environmental from alternative inherited effects.MethodsThe based conceived Assisted...

Abstract A follow‐up study was carried out to investigate the children of 204 mothers who had previously participated in a their mental health during pregnancy and first postnatal year. One hundred seventy two children, 170 mothers, 99 fathers were assessed when 3 years 10 months. Boys depressed year postpartum scored approximately 1 standard deviation lower on standardised tests intellectual attainment than boys whose well that The difference reliable even behaviour test controlled for,...

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is considered a major public health problem that conveys risk to mothers and offspring. Yet PPD typically occurs in the context of lifelong episodic illness, its putative effects might derive from child’s exposure other episodes, pregnancy or later childhood. The aim study test two hypotheses: (1) on adolescent outcomes are partly explained by antepartum (APD) (2) APD both mother’s depression. Method: A random sample 178 antenatal patients was drawn...

The conflicts of 24 pairs previously unacquainted 21-month-old children were examined for social hallmarks at several levels analysis. Each child was observed with the same partner 15 min on 3 consecutive days. On fourth day half dyads rearranged such that each now paired a new partner; remaining returned to meet their usual partners. Conflicts defined dyadically as 1 child's protesting, resisting, or retaliating against an act by peer; 217 recorded across 4 days, 84% which struggles over...

The impact of postnatal depression on a child's risk for violent behavior was evaluated in an urban British community sample (N=122 families). Mothers were interviewed during pregnancy, at 3 months postpartum, and when the child 1, 4, 11 years age. Mothers, teachers, children reported symptoms age 11. Structural equation modeling revealed that violence predicted by mother's even her later history depression, family characteristics taken into account. Violence associated with...

Interviews of 120 British adolescents and their parents (80% a random sample antenatal patients drawn from representative urban population followed longitudinally) revealed that 40 (33%) had been arrested and/or diagnosis DSM–IV conduct disorder by 16 years age; those, 18 (45%) committed violent acts. Depression in pregnancy significantly predicted violence adolescence, even after controlling for the family environment, child’s later exposure to maternal depression, mother’s smoking drinking...

Background Genetic and environmental influences on child psychopathology have been studied extensively through twin adoption designs. We offer a novel methodology to examine genetic the intergenerational transmission of using sample parents children conceived in vitro fertilization (IVF). Method The included families with born IVF methods, who varied as whether was genetically related or unrelated rearing mother father (mother related, n =434; unrelated, =127; =403; =156). Using standardized...

Exposure to adversity in utero at a sensitive period of development can bring about physiological, structural, and metabolic changes the fetus that affect later behavior. However, link between prenatal environment offspring outcomes could also arise confound because relation maternal genomes. As human studies cannot randomly assign conditions, it is difficult test whether events have true causal effects on outcomes. We used an unusual approach overcome this difficulty whereby pregnant...

Participants in this study were 66 British toddlers who observed at home with familiar peers on two occasions, six months apart. The majority of spoke to their peers, short sequences conversation emerging after the age 24 months. use possessive pronouns emerged between 18 and consolidated over next year. Toddlers said ‘mine’ also more likely than other children say ‘yours.’ was associated language about possession objects references motivational states desire need, suggesting a general...

Antenatal depression and childhood maltreatment have each been associated with offspring psychopathology, but never examined in the same sample.To determine whether influences association between antenatal psychopathology.Prospectively collected data on depression, (age 11) psychopathology 11 16) were analysed 120 mother-offspring dyads from community-based South London Child Development Study.Antenatal increased risk of by almost four times. Children exposed only to or no more at developing...

Observations of 12 pairs 6-month-old infants interacting in a laboratory playroom the presence both mothers indicated that estimated frequency, duration, and temporal distribution one infant's distressed vocalizations were statistically independent those peer. The absence toys environment was reliable predictor extent an distress, whereas peer's frequency duration distress own gender locomotor status not. Infants watched their peers during majority episodes occasionally directed other...